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Biological Data

Biological description

GRK inhibitor (IC50 values are 0.15, 0.38 and 3.9 μMat GRK2, GRK5 and GRK1 respectively). Does no display efficacy against MOR internalization).

Solubility & Handling

Storage instructions -20°C
Solubility overview Soluble in DMSO (1 mg/ml)
Important This product is for RESEARCH USE ONLY and is not intended for therapeutic or diagnostic use. Not for human or veterinary use

Calculators

Molarity

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Dilution

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Chemical Data

Purity >98%
Chemical name 4-[4-fluoro-3-[[(2-pyridinylmethyl)amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-N-1H-indazol-5-yl-6-methyl-2-oxo-5-pyrimidinecarboxamide
Molecular Weight 499.5
Molecular Formula C26H22FN7O3
CAS Number 1813527-81-9

Technical guides

FAQs

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this tyrosine hydroxylase antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What guarantee do you have that my tyrosine hydroxylase antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your tyrosine hydroxylase antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this tyrosine hydroxylase antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this tyrosine hydroxylase antibody.

Will my tyrosine hydroxylase antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the tyrosine hydroxylase antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What experiments can I use this β-tubulin antibody as a loading control in?

β-tubulin is expressed ubiquitously in all tissues however may not be appropriate if other proteins in the experiment are of a similar molecular weight. Please see our guide on choosing a loading control for more information.

What guarantee do you have that my β-tubulin antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your β-tubulin antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my β-tubulin antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that theβ-tubulin antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this β-tubulin antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this β-tubulin antibody.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this β-tubulin antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

Will this MBP antibody work in mouse tissue

We tested this antibody using mouse tissue in multiple Western blots and were unable to detect MBP. We have not used this antibody in mouse tissue for IHC(IF) but cannot offer any assurance as to it working in mice.

What protocols are available for use with this MBP antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this myelin basic protein antibody.

Will my MBP antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the MBP antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

 

Note: For this MBP antibody we have been unable to generate MBP staining in mouse tissue therefore do not recommend using it in mice

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this MBP antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

Will my GAT1 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the GAT1 antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this GAT1 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What protocols are available for use with this GAT1 antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GAT1 antibody.

Do you supply BrdU compatible with this antibody?

We sell a range of different pack sizes of BrdU which we have succesfully used with this antibody. Please follow this link to find out more information.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this BrdU antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What protocols are available for use with this BrdU antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this BrdU antibody. Adittionally for using BrdU to measure neurogenesis please refer to Wojtowicz and Kee et al., 2006. for a detailed protocol and troubleshooting.

What guarantee do you have that my BrdU antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your BrdU antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What guarantee do you have that my Vimentin antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Vimentin antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this Vimentin antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Vimentin antibody.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Vimentin antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

Will my Vimentin antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Vimentin antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this c-Fos antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

Will my c-Fos antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the c-Fos antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this c-Fos antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this c-Fos antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my c-Fos antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your c-Fos antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Does this GluN1 antibody cross-react with other NMDA receptor subunits?

This clone has been reported to have no cross-reactivity with any GluN2 family subunits.

What guarantee do you have that my GluN1 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your GluN1 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this GluN1 antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GluN1 antibody.

Will my GluN1 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the GluN1 antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this GluN1 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei.

What guarantee do you have that my GluA1 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your GluA1 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this GluA1 antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GluA1 antibody.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this GluA1 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei.

What guarantee do you have that my GST-tag antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your GST-tag antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this GST-tag antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GST-tag antibody.

Will my Parvalbumin antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Parvalbumin antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

Will my Calretinin antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Calretinin antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

Will my Calbindin antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Calbindin antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

Will my VGAT antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the VGAT antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Parvalbumin antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Calbindin antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Calretinin antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this VGAT antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei.

What guarantee do you have that my VGAT antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your VGAT antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What guarantee do you have that my Parvalbumin antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Parvalbumin antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What guarantee do you have that my Calbindin antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Calbindin antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What guarantee do you have that my Calretinin antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Calretinin antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this VGAT antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this VGAT antibody.

What protocols are available for use with this Parvalbumin antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Parvalbumin antibody.

What protocols are available for use with this Calbindin antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Calbindin antibody.

What protocols are available for use with this Calretinin antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Calretinin antibody.

Is this Histone H3 antibody isoform specific?

Although this antibody's immunogen is derived from Histone H3.1t the antibody is not isoform specific amongst Histone H3 family members.

Will my Histone H3 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Histone H3 antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What guarantee do you have that my Histone H3 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Histone H3 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this Histone H3 antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Histone H3 antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my β-actin antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your β-actin antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What guarantee do you have that my Ki-67 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Ki-67 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this β-actin antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this β-actin antibody.

What protocols are available for use with this Ki-67 antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Ki-67 antibody.

Will my β-actin antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the β-actin antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

Will my Ki-67 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

Due to the low degree of homology between Ki-67 homologues in different species it is unlikely that this antibody will work in species other than those listed on the datasheet.

 

This antibody does not recognise rat and mouse Ki-67 homologues. 

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Ki-67 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei.

What guarantee do you have that my secondary antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your secondary antibody will work for the applications we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this secondary antibody?

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this secondary antibody.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this secondary antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI, Hoechst 33342 or Propidium Iodide to label cell nuclei. We also provide FITC Phalloidin and Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC for labelling actin filaments within cells.

If I accidentally left the bottle out and the mounting media set what do I do?

If the mounting media has set prematurely then simply heat the bottle to around 60°C and the mounting media will re-liquify.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this IBA1 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What guarantee do you have that my IBA1 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your IBA1 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this IBA1 antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this IBA1 antibody.

Will my IBA1 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the IBA1 antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

Can this secondary antibody be frozen?

For longer term storage this secondary antibody can be aliquoted, snap frozen and stored at -20°C.

Can I use sodium azide containing solutions to dilute this hrp conjugated antibody?

Sodium azide strongly inhibits the activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) therefore we do not recommend using sodium azide as a preservative in any diluent for this antibody.

What is the difference between AF488 and Alexa Fluor® 488?

AF488 has the same chemical structure of Alexa Fluor® 488 (Alexa Fluor® is the trademark of ThermoFisher).

Is this tissue clearing kit solvent or aqueous based

The kit is aqeuous based therefore is non-toxic and compatible with imaging systems.

How do I work out the molecular weight of a protein using the ladder?

Please see our guide on how to analyze Western Blots for useful advice including how to use the ladder to work out the molecular weight of an unknown protein.

Can this conjugation kit be used with BSA containing antibodies?

This conjugation kit is not compatible with antibodies containing BSA in their storage buffer. This is because the concentration of BSA is much higher than the antibody meaning that using the standard protocol will result in an extremely low degree of labelling for the antibody. We recommend either purchasing BSA free antibodies or removing BSA from the buffer before conjugation.

How stable is the resulting fluorophore conjugated protein?

Because the conjugation reaction forms a covalent bond between the fluorophore and protein this results in a very stable conjugated protein. In our experience of conjugating antibodies, the fluorophore tagged antibodies are stable for at least a year at 4°C and much longer if stored correctly at either -20°C or -80°C.

Does this α-Synuclein antibody cross react with β or γ-synuclein?

This antibody has been reported to show no cross-reactivity with either β or γ-synuclein when assessed using recombinant full length proteins in a Western Blot.

What guarantee do you have that my alpha-synuclein antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your alpha-synuclein antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my alpha-synuclein antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this alpha-synuclein antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Hsp60 antibody

Can I use sodium azide containing solutions to dilute Streptavidin-HRP?

Sodium azide is a irreversible inhibitor of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) therefore we strongly advise against using sodium azide containing solutions with this product.

Does this Streptavidin-HRP contain a preservative?

This Streptavidin-HRP is preservative free therefore we recommend storing at -20°C and being careful to avoid contamination. Following this advice will result in a shelf life of up to 2 years.

My solution(s) have precipitates in them, is this normal?

Many solutions contain high solute concentrations which tend to precipitate at lower temperatures. We recommend incubating at 37°C for 1 hour and stirring before use.

What is the refractive index of the mounting and storage solution?

The mounting and storage solution has a refractive index of 1.46

What filter set should I use to image Methoxy-X04

Methoxy X-04 has maximal absorbance at 370nm and emission at 452nm therefore can be imaged with any filter set designed for use with DAPI

What protocols are available for use with this GluA1-4 antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GluA1-4 antibody

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this GluA1-4 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What guarantee do you have that my GluA1-4 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your GluA1-4 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my GluA1-4 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What is GFAP a marker for?

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) is a marker for astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system (CNS). GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in mature astrocytes and is commonly used as a marker in research and diagnostic pathology to identify these cells.

What is the function of GFAP?

The function of GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) is primarily structural and supportive. It is an intermediate filament protein that contributes to the cytoskeletal structure of astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS).

What is the role of GFAP in neurological diseases?

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) plays a significant role in various neurological diseases due to its involvement in the structural and functional integrity of astrocytes. Changes in GFAP expression are associated with:

  • Reactive gliosis in CNS injury, often as a result of acute trauma leading to a glial scar,
  • Lesions found in multiple sclerosis which have high GFAP expression,
  • Astrocytomas and Glioblastimas can often express GFAP which can be used as a diagnostic marker
  • Neurodegeneration is often associated with upregulation of GFAP expression in damaged brain regions.
What is NeuN a marker for?

NeuN is a widely used marker for identifying neurons in the central nervous system. It is a nuclear and sometimes perinuclear protein expressed in the majority of post-mitotic (mature) neurons, making it highly specific for neuronal identification.

What does tyrosine hydroxylase do?

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a key enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). These neurotransmitters play essential roles in a wide array of physiological processes, including motor control and mood regulation.

What is tyrosine hydroxylase a marker for?

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a specific marker for catecholaminergic neurons , which include neurons  that produce dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). TH principally stains:

  • Dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and hypothalamus,
  • Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus,
  • Adrenergic neurons of the medulla oblongata.
What is the main function of GAPDH?

The main function of GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) is its role in glycolysis, a central metabolic pathway for energy production. GAPDH catalyzes the following reaction:

 

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD++ Pi → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+

Why is GAPDH used in Western Blot?

GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) is widely used as a loading control in Western blot experiments due to its stable and abundant expression across a wide range of cell types and conditions. GAPDH tends to have constant expression across different cell types, tissues, and experimental conditions (e.g., treatments, disease states), making it a reliable reference alongside being highly expressed in most cells, which ensures a strong and consistent signal on Western blots.

What is c-Fos used for?

c-Fos is a transcription factor primarily used as a biomarker for cellular activation, especially in neurons, to study patterns of brain activity, learning, memory, stress, and behavior. It is also a valuable tool in cancer research, neurodegenerative disease studies, and gene expression research. c-Fos expression is widely used to map neuronal activity in response to behavioural and pharmacological manipulations.

How is c-Fos a marker of neuronal activity?

c-Fos is a protein that serves as an important marker of neuronal activity. It is a transcription factor that is produced rapidly and transiently in response to various stimuli, including neuronal activity, stress, and other cellular signals. c-Fos is an immediate early gene which is rapidly activated without the need for protein synthesis. When neurons are stimulated, for example by sensory input or other types of activity, the c-Fos gene is quickly transcribed into mRNA and translated into the c-Fos protein. This occurs within minutes after the stimulus. The expression of c-Fos is highly activity-dependent and occurs almost exclusively when neurons are actively firing or being strongly activated. Importantly, its expression is transient, meaning that the protein is produced for a short period following neuronal activation, typically peaking within 30 to 60 minutes, and then rapidly decaying. This short-lived nature makes c-Fos an ideal marker for recent neuronal activity.

Will my SuperBlot Rapid Single-Step Control kit work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the kit won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our kits in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What guarantee do you have that my SuperBlot Rapid Single-Step Loading Control kit will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your kit will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the kit fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Can I fix my cells after loading with Fluo-4 AM dye for Ca2+ detection?

No. Fluo-4 AM isn't covalently bound to any cellular components and fixation damages the membrane meaning that the dye would leak out of the cell.

How can I prevent Fluo-4 leaking out of cells?

Fluo-4 AM generally has very good cell retention with minimal leakage. If excessive leakage is observed try either reducing the incubation temperature or adding probenecid to the loading solution.

Can unused dye be frozen and reused?

Once dye has been dissolved in DMSO then it is possible to aliquot and freeze at -20°C. Try to avoid more than 2 freeze/thaw cycles.

I can't see anything in the vial?

Don't worry! ICR-1 is optically transparent even after being dissolved in DMSO.

Can corticosterone-cyclodextrin be stored once reconstituted in water?

Yes, corticosterone is a very stable molecule so we recommend aliquoting then freezing at -20°C any unused corticosterone-cyclodextrin solution.

What mounting media do you recommend to use with this antibody?
How do I solubilise (dissolve) D-AP5?

You can solubilise D-AP5 in water, up to a concentration of 100 mM. Once D-AP5 is in suspension, if you have problems solubilising it, you can try:

  • Stirring – try rapidly stirring or vortexing in a whirlimixer
  • Heating – try warming it gently in a water bath
  • Sonicating – sonication may also be worth a try   

Temperature is very important when solubilising biochemicals. For example if you’ve cooled or frozen your D-AP5 solution, it may have precipitated out of solution. So here’s an important rule – make sure you check that D-AP5 is fully re-dissolved before use.

Do I need to re-weigh the D-AP5 in my vial?

Yes - you should weigh out the quantity of D-AP5 that you require for your experiment as the amount of product in our vials isn’t weighed out accurately enough for direct addition of solution. There are some exceptions to this but if this is the case, it will be stated clearly on the datasheet.

How do I make a 30 uM concentration of Cmpd101 in aCSF, from an initial stock made in 100% DMSO?

If you prepare a stock solution of Cmpd101 dissolved in 100% DMSO to a concentration of 10-30 mM, you should then be able to take the final concentration down to 30 uM in ACSF (final DMSO 0.1%).

How do I solubilise (dissolve) Cmpd101?

You can solubilise Cmpd101 in DMSO, up to a concentration of 100 mM.
Once Cmpd101 is in suspension, if you have problems solubilising it, you can try:

  • Stirring – try rapidly stirring or vortexing in a whirlimixer
  • Heating – try warming it gently in a water bath
  • Sonicating – sonication may also be worth a try   

Temperature is very important when solubilising biochemicals. For example if you’ve cooled or frozen your Cmpd101 solution, it may have precipitated out of solution. So here’s an important rule – make sure you check that Cmpd101 is fully re-dissolved before use.

Do I need to re-weigh the Cmpd101 in my vial?

Yes - you should weigh out the quantity of Cmpd101 that you require for your experiment as the amount of product in our vials isn’t weighed out accurately enough for direct addition of solution. There are some exceptions to this but if this is the case, it will be stated clearly on the datasheet.

How do I store Cmpd101?

Storing Cmpd101 as a solid: If you keep the vial kept tightly sealed at room temperature, you can store Cmpd101 for up to 6months.

Storing and working with solutions of Cmpd101:
If you are planning on storing and working with solutions of Cmpd101, we recommend preparing and using your solutions on the same day. However, if this isn’t possible and you need to prepare stock solutions of Cmpd101  beforehand, you should aliquot out the solution into tightly sealed vials at store at -20°C. We generally recommend that these will be useable for up to one month. You should also allow Cmpd101 to equilibrate to RT for at least one hour before opening and using.

What should CNO (freebase) look like?

CNO (freebase) is an amorphous, yellow powder

What temperature should I store the solid compound at?

We undertake regular quality control analysis of the solid compound and have found no deterioration in product purity when stored at room temperature. 

We recommend that you store solid CNO (freebase) powder at room temperature (desiccate).

Is the solid powder light sensitive?

No - we have found no evidence for Hello Bio CNO (free base) to be sensitive to light.

Is the solid powder air sensitive?

No - we have found no evidence for Hello Bio CNO (freebase) to be sensitive to air.

How do I weigh the compound to make my stock solution?

You should weigh out the quantity of product that you require for your experiment as the amount of product in our vials isn’t weighed out accurately enough for direct addition of solution.

What should I do if I find precipitate in my stock solution?

Gently heat your solution in a water bath to ~40°C and the compound should readily re-dissolve. Always take care to ensure that the compound is completely dissolved before use.

What concentration should my stock solution be?

This depends on your experiment and the working concentration you require.

What should my stock solution look like?

When dissolved your solution of CNO (freebase) should be a clear, yellow to orange color (depending on the concentration)

How do I solubilize CNO to make my stock solution? Which solvent / buffer can I use?

Batch to batch variation in the solubility of CNO (freebase) can occur. Although some batches are soluble in aqueos soution, the ongoing solubility of these solutions can be unpredictable. This has been shown in the literature and in our stability studies.

Therefore, when working with CNO (freebase) we recommending using DMSO (100mM).

Various groups have different approaches to solubilizing CNO. DMSO is commonly used to dissolve CNO before addition to saline for injection.

Can I store my stock solution of Clozapine N- oxide (CNO (freebase)?

We recommend making up solutions and using them immediately. Do not store solutions.

How long does Clozapine N-oxide (CNO freebase) stay stable in solution?

Our stability studies have shown that CNO in solution remains chemically stable (>99% purity by HPLC) for at least 4 weeks at room temperature. Please see stabiltiy data below.

Is my stock solution light sensitive?

No - we have found no evidence that Hello Bio CNO (freebase) is light sensitive.

Is my stock solution air sensitive?

No - we have found no evidence that Hello Bio CNO (freebase) is air sensitive.

What experiments can I use this GAPDH antibody as a loading control in?

GAPDH is expressed ubiquitously in all tissues however may not be appropriate if other proteins in the experiment are of a similar molecular weight. Please see our guide on choosing a loading control for more information.

What other neuroscience markers are available?
Why is the molecular weight of neurofilament proteins different in western blots to their predicted mass?

Neurofilament proteins are subject to heavy phosphorylation which has the effect of making the protein migrate slower than it’s mass would predict. This therefore makes the protein appear at a heavier molecular weight than predicted.

Are all neurons NeuN positive?

While the vast majority of neurones express NeuN some subtypes such as Purkinje cells, stellate and golgi cells do not show immunoreactivity. NeuN is also not expressed in immature neurones.

Why wasn’t it possible to work out the molecular weight of MAP2 in a Western Blot?

As MAP2 was significantly heavier than the highest available protein marker then this means it isn’t possible to accurately calculate its molecular weight. For more information about calculating protein weights please see our guide on analysing Western blots.

What experiments can I use this HSP60 antibody as a loading control in?

HSP60 is expressed ubiquitously in all tissues however may not be appropriate if other proteins in the experiment are of a similar molecular weight. Please see our guide on choosing a loading control for more information.

Does this GFP antibody react with both GFP and EGFP?

This GFP antibody has been reported to recognise both GFP and its enhanced format

Does this GFP antibody react with YFP?

This GFP antibody has been reported to recognise EYFP protein although we have not independently tested this.

Does this GFP antibody cross-react with mCherry?

We have tested and found no cross-reactivity between this GFP antibody and mCherry in Western blot experiments.

Do I need to use an epitope retrieval technique?

We have not used an epitope retrieval technique in our experiments however this may vary by tissue type and fixation methodology.

Does this mCherry antibody cross-react with GFP?

We have tested and found no cross-reactivity between this mCherry antibody and EGFP in Western blot experiments.

Does this mCherry antibody react with tdTomato?

This mCherry antibody has been reported to recognise tdTomato although we have not independently tested this.

Why has the mouse IgG light chain been detected in your Western blot data?

Because this antibody is raised in mouse this means that an anti-mouse secondary antibody must be used for it's detection. Because we test in mouse tissue this means that we sometimes detect the endogenous mouse IgGs present in the tissue. Only the light chain is picked up as the anti-mouse secondary antibody we use is Fab specific.

What guarantee do you have that my Hsp60 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Hsp60 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my Hsp60 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this Hsp60 antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Hsp60 antibody

What guarantee do you have that my NeuN antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your NeuN antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my NeuN antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this NeuN antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this NeuN antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my Neurofilament L antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Neurofilament L antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my Neurofilament L antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Neurofilament L antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this Neurofilament L antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Neurofilament L antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my Neurofilament M antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Neurofilament M antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my Neurofilament M antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Neurofilament M antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this Neurofilament M antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Neurofilament M antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my Beta III tubulin antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your Beta III tubulin antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my Beta III tubulin antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the Beta III tubulin antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this Beta III tubulin antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this Beta III tubulin antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my GFAP antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your GFAP antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my GFAP antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the GFAP antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this GFAP antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GFAP antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my GFP antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your GFP antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

What protocols are available for use with this GFP antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GFP antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my MAP2 antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your MAP2 antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my MAP2 antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the MAP2 antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this MAP2 antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this MAP2 antibody.

What guarantee do you have that my GAPDH antibody will perform as expected?

We guarantee that your GAPDH antibody will work for the applications and species we list on the datasheet. If the antibody fails to perform as expected then we are happy to offer a 100% refund guarantee. For more details please see our guarantee policy.

Will my GAPDH antibody work against species that have not been listed on the datasheet?

A species not being listed doesn’t mean that the GAPDH antibody won’t work, just that we haven’t tested it. If you test one of our antibodies in a new species please let us know (positive or negative)!

What protocols are available for use with this GAPDH antibody

We have made a comprehensive collection of protocols that we have used in our experiments to validate this GAPDH antibody.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Hsp60 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this NeuN antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Neurofilament L antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Neurofilament M antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this Beta III tubulin antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this GFAP antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this GFP antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this MAP2 antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

What counterstains do you recommend for use in ICC and IHC with this GAPDH antibody?

We recommend using either DAPI or Hoechst 33342 to label cell nuclei. In some experiments it is also helpful to label actin filaments in the cytoskeleton using a Phalloidin conjugate such as FITC Phalloidin or Rhodamine Phalloidin-TRITC.

Any other questions?

For any other questions about our antibody products please see our technical FAQs for antibodies