Product overview
| Name | Anti-GAPDH antibody ValidAbTM |
| Host | Mouse |
| Clonality | Monoclonal |
| Target | GAPDH |
| Description | Antibody to GAPDH - universal loading control for western blotting. Part of the ValidAb™ range of highly validated, data-rich antibodies. |
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Validation data
Figure 1. GAPDH expression in various tissue lysates and preparations.
HB9177 revealed a single band in all samples with a strong signal to noise ratio. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 4-20% bis-tris acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder before being run at 160V for 45 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177 at a 1:4000 dilution (0.25µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 2. Concentration response of HB9177 staining in a rat brain cytosol preparation.
HB9177 shows consistent results with low background at dilutions as low as 1:320,000 (3.125 ng/ml). Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 95 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut into strips using Ponceau dye to visualise and cut individual lanes. Strips were blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177. Each strip was incubated separately with a separate HB9177 concentration with this ranging from 0.8µg/ml (1:1,250 dilution) to 3.125ng/ml (1:320,000 dilution). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Band intensity was calculated using Image Studio version 5.2.5 (LiCor) and a graph was constructed in GraphPad Prism 9 using a 3-parameter Hill equation curve fit.
Figure 3. Comparison between total protein and GAPDH staining in a rat brain cytosol preparation.
HB9177 staining strongly correlates (R2 = 0.86) with Coomassie derived total protein staining while showing greater sensitivity. Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (total protein loading ranging 5-70µg / lane) from were loading onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 40 minutes followed by 120V for 90 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut between markers into sections with the section containing GAPDH being used for western blot while the remaining sections were incubated in Coomassie dye before being destained in several changes of destaining solution (see HB0739 for recipes). For the GAPDH strip, blocking was carried out for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177 at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Densiometry of both GAPDH and Coomassie derived signals was carried out in Image Studio version 5.2.5 (LiCor) with the graph being constructed in GraphPad Prism 9 using a semi-log curve fit.
Figure 4. Comparison between HB9177 and 97166T (Cell Signaling Technology) showing equivalent performance.
Both antibodies showed similar performance across concentrations ranging from 400 to 50ng/ml in rat brain cytosol samples. Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (20µg / lane) were loading onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 110 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut into strips using Ponceau dye to visualise and cut individual lanes. Strips were blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated separately overnight at 4°C in either HB9177 or 97166T at concentrations ranging from 50ng/ml to 400ng/ml. Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 5. GAPDH expression in various tissue lysates and preparations.
HB9177 revealed a single band of size 34kDa present in all samples with a strong signal to noise ratio. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 90 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177 at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 6. GAPDH expression in cultured rat neurons visualized using HB9177.
HB9177 showed staining localised to the nucleus, likely due to cellular stress during the fixation process (Sen et al., 2008. Nat Cell Biol ;10(7):866-73). Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB9177 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:500 dilution (2µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibody (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. Images were captured using a Leica SPE confocal laser scanning microscope coupled to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using a 40x objective, 405nm and 488nm laser lines in a z-stack (0.44 µm spacing). Deconvolution was carried out using Huygens Essential (Scientific Volume Imagine) followed by the stack being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 7. GFP expression in transfected HEK293 cells with GAPDH loading control (stripped and reprobed).
HB9177 showed consistent staining across all HEK293 samples following stripping and reprobing of the membrane. HEK293 cells were cultured and transfected following established protocols (Lee et al., 2019. PLoS ONE, 14(5):e0213116) with either pEGFP-C2 or pmCherry-C3 plasmids. After allowing 3 days for expression lysates were prepared (see our guide on WB sample preparation) and loaded (equal loading) onto a 15% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (New England Biolabs, P7719S) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 100 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB8912 (Polyclonal rabbit anti-GFP) at a 1:10,000 dilution (0.1µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-rabbit HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A6154) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Following imaging the membrane was stripped with two changes of stripping buffer (HB7756) before being washed, blocked for 2 hours in 5% non-fat dry milk and incubated in HB9177 (1:4,000 dilution, 0.25µg/ml) overnight at 4°C. Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs and visualised again using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 8. Neurofilament L expression in various tissue lysates and preparations with GAPDH loading control.
HB6433 revealed a band of size 66kDa primarily present in brain cytosol fractions (presence in P2 fraction is likely due to incomplete separation during sample preparation process). Endogenous mouse IgGs were also detected by the secondary antibody in mouse tissue. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples were loaded (20µg / lane) onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 35 minutes followed by 120V for 100 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB6433 at a 1:5000 dilution (0.2µg/ml) and HB9177 at a 1:2,000 dilution (0.5 µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Separate histogram adjustments were used for each target to ensure they were in the linear range.
Figure 1. GAPDH expression in various tissue lysates and preparations.
HB9177 revealed a single band in all samples with a strong signal to noise ratio. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 4-20% bis-tris acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder before being run at 160V for 45 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177 at a 1:4000 dilution (0.25µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 2. Concentration response of HB9177 staining in a rat brain cytosol preparation.
HB9177 shows consistent results with low background at dilutions as low as 1:320,000 (3.125 ng/ml). Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 95 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut into strips using Ponceau dye to visualise and cut individual lanes. Strips were blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177. Each strip was incubated separately with a separate HB9177 concentration with this ranging from 0.8µg/ml (1:1,250 dilution) to 3.125ng/ml (1:320,000 dilution). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Band intensity was calculated using Image Studio version 5.2.5 (LiCor) and a graph was constructed in GraphPad Prism 9 using a 3-parameter Hill equation curve fit.
Figure 3. Comparison between total protein and GAPDH staining in a rat brain cytosol preparation.
HB9177 staining strongly correlates (R2 = 0.86) with Coomassie derived total protein staining while showing greater sensitivity. Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (total protein loading ranging 5-70µg / lane) from were loading onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 40 minutes followed by 120V for 90 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut between markers into sections with the section containing GAPDH being used for western blot while the remaining sections were incubated in Coomassie dye before being destained in several changes of destaining solution (see HB0739 for recipes). For the GAPDH strip, blocking was carried out for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177 at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Densiometry of both GAPDH and Coomassie derived signals was carried out in Image Studio version 5.2.5 (LiCor) with the graph being constructed in GraphPad Prism 9 using a semi-log curve fit.
Figure 4. Comparison between HB9177 and 97166T (Cell Signaling Technology) showing equivalent performance.
Both antibodies showed similar performance across concentrations ranging from 400 to 50ng/ml in rat brain cytosol samples. Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (20µg / lane) were loading onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 110 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut into strips using Ponceau dye to visualise and cut individual lanes. Strips were blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated separately overnight at 4°C in either HB9177 or 97166T at concentrations ranging from 50ng/ml to 400ng/ml. Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 5. GAPDH expression in various tissue lysates and preparations.
HB9177 revealed a single band of size 34kDa present in all samples with a strong signal to noise ratio. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 90 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB9177 at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 6. GAPDH expression in cultured rat neurons visualized using HB9177.
HB9177 showed staining localised to the nucleus, likely due to cellular stress during the fixation process (Sen et al., 2008. Nat Cell Biol ;10(7):866-73). Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB9177 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:500 dilution (2µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibody (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. Images were captured using a Leica SPE confocal laser scanning microscope coupled to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using a 40x objective, 405nm and 488nm laser lines in a z-stack (0.44 µm spacing). Deconvolution was carried out using Huygens Essential (Scientific Volume Imagine) followed by the stack being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 7. GFP expression in transfected HEK293 cells with GAPDH loading control (stripped and reprobed).
HB9177 showed consistent staining across all HEK293 samples following stripping and reprobing of the membrane. HEK293 cells were cultured and transfected following established protocols (Lee et al., 2019. PLoS ONE, 14(5):e0213116) with either pEGFP-C2 or pmCherry-C3 plasmids. After allowing 3 days for expression lysates were prepared (see our guide on WB sample preparation) and loaded (equal loading) onto a 15% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (New England Biolabs, P7719S) before being run at 60V for 30 minutes followed by 120V for 100 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB8912 (Polyclonal rabbit anti-GFP) at a 1:10,000 dilution (0.1µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-rabbit HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A6154) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Following imaging the membrane was stripped with two changes of stripping buffer (HB7756) before being washed, blocked for 2 hours in 5% non-fat dry milk and incubated in HB9177 (1:4,000 dilution, 0.25µg/ml) overnight at 4°C. Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs and visualised again using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 8. Neurofilament L expression in various tissue lysates and preparations with GAPDH loading control.
HB6433 revealed a band of size 66kDa primarily present in brain cytosol fractions (presence in P2 fraction is likely due to incomplete separation during sample preparation process). Endogenous mouse IgGs were also detected by the secondary antibody in mouse tissue. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples were loaded (20µg / lane) onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (BioRad Precision Plus dual colour, 1610374) before being run at 60V for 35 minutes followed by 120V for 100 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB6433 at a 1:5000 dilution (0.2µg/ml) and HB9177 at a 1:2,000 dilution (0.5 µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Separate histogram adjustments were used for each target to ensure they were in the linear range.
Product information
| Immunogen | Purified rabbit GAPDH |
| Clone number | 6C5cc |
| Isotype | IgG1 |
| Purification | Protein A affinity chromatography |
| Concentration | 1mg/ml |
| Formulation | Lyophilised. When reconstituted contains PBS with 0.09% sodium azide and 1% recombinant albumin |
| Predicted species reactivity | Mouse, Rat, Human, Pig, Dog, Rabbit, Cat, Fish |
| Tested species reactivity | Mouse, Rat, Human |
Tested applications
| Applications | ELISA, ICC, WB |
| Western blot optimal concentration | 0.25μg/ml (1:4,000) as measured in rat brain cytosol preparation |
| ICC optimal concentration | 2μg/ml (1:500) as measured in cultured rat neurones |
| Positive control | GAPDH is ubiquitously expressed at high levels in nearly all mammalian tissues and cells. It is also widely expressed in common cell lines. |
| Negative control | GAPDH is a cytosolic enzyme, so complete subcellular fractionation should be sufficient to provide a negative control. Due to its high expression, care should be taken to ensure that fractionation is complete without any cytosolic contamination. |
| Open data link | Please follow this link to OSF |
Target information
| Other names | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPD, G3PD, HEL-S-162eP |
| UniProt ID | P04406 |
| Structure image |  |
| Gene name | GAPDH |
| NCBI full gene name | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| Entrez gene ID | 2597 |
| Amino acids | 335 (36.1kDa) |
| Isoforms | GFAP has two isoforms. Isoform 1 : 335 amino acids, 36.05kDa; Isoform 2: 293 amino acids (missing residues 1-42), 31.55kDa |
| Expression | GAPDH is expressed ubiquitously in all tissues and cell types. |
| Subcellular expression | Expression is primarily in the cytosol although there has been nuclear expression reported during high levels of cellular stress. In red blood cells GAPDH assembles on the cell membrane as part of larger multi-protein complexes. |
| Processing | Following translation the leading methionine is removed to form the mature protein. |
| Post translational modifications | GAPDH is subject to numerous post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, deamination, acetylation, methylation and nitrosylation on multiple residues. |
| Homology (compared to human) | Mouse and rat show 100% homology to each other in a direct BLAST comparison while showing 99% homology to human GAPDH due humans posessing the insertion of GK at position 2. |
| Similar proteins | None |
Storage & Handling
| Storage instructions | -20°C then use reconstitution advice |
| Reconstitution advice | We recommend reconstituting with either:
Take care when opening as the precipitate is extremely light and can easily be lost if disturbed. When reconstituting make sure that the antibody is thoroughly dissolved by pipetting up and down before giving the antibody a brief spin at <10,000g to make sure that all material is recovered and at the bottom of the tube. For more information please see our detailed guide on storing and using your antibody |
| Important | This product is for RESEARCH USE ONLY and is not intended for therapeutic or diagnostic use. Not for human or veterinary use |
Technical guides
Western Blot Protocol (1 MB) Immunocytochemistry Protocol (1.2 MB) Immunohistochemistry Protocol (1.6 MB) References for Anti-GAPDH antibody ValidAbTM
References are publications that support the biological activity of the product
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An appropriate loading control for western blot analysis in animal models of myocardial ischemic infarction
Nie X et al (2017) Biochem Biophys Rep 12 : 108-113 -
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a universal internal control for Western blots in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Wu Y et al (2012) Analytical Biochemistry 423(1) : 15-22 -
The diverse functions of GAPDH: views from different subcellular compartments
Tristan C et al (2010) Cell Signal 23(2) : 317-323 -
S-nitrosylated GAPDH initiates apoptotic cell death by nuclear translocation following Siah1 binding
Hara M et al (2005) Nature Cell Biology 665-674 : 7(7)
Publications
These publications cite the use of Anti-GAPDH antibody ValidAbTM purchased from Hello Bio:
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Modulating voltage-gated sodium channels to enhance differentiation and sensitize glioblastoma cells to chemotherapy.
Giammello F et al (2024) Cell communication and signaling : CCS 22 : 434PubMedID: 39251990
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