Anti-β-tubulin antibody ValidAbTM
(HB6491)
Product overview
| Name | Anti-β-tubulin antibody ValidAbTM |
| Host | Mouse |
| Clonality | Monoclonal |
| Target | β-tubulin |
| Description | Antibody to β-tubulin - cytoskeletal component widely used for imaging microtubules and as a loading control. Part of the ValidAb™ range of highly validated, data-rich antibodies. |
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Validation data
Figure 1. ß-Tubulin and Neurofilament L expression in cultured rat neurones
HB6491 stained the dense network of tubulin filaments present in neurones cultured from P2 rats. Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) alongside HB7266 (1:4,000 dilution, 0.25 µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibodies (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit DyLight 594 conjugated, Thermofisher 35511, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 817V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 10% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 17.6% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.26µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 2. Concentration response of HB6491 staining in a rat brain cytosol preparation
HB6491 shows consistent results with low background at dilutions as low as 1:64,000 (15.6 ng/ml). Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (NEB colour pre-stained broad range, P7719S) before being run at 60V for 40 minutes followed by 120V for 100 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut into strips using Ponceau dye to visualise and cut individual lanes. Strips were blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB6491. Each strip was incubated separately with a separate HB6491 concentration with this ranging from 1µg/ml (1:1,1000 dilution) to 3.9ng/ml (1:256,000 dilution). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Band intensity was calculated using Image Studio version 5.2.5 (LiCor) and a graph was constructed in GraphPad Prism 9 using a 3-parameter Hill equation curve fit.
Figure 3. ß-Tubulin expression in various tissue lysates and preparations
HB6491 revealed a single band of size 56.5kDa present in all samples with a strong signal to noise ratio. Due to the higher expression in brain samples the membrane was imaged at two different exposure levels which are presented side by side. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (NEB colour pre-stained broad range, P7719S) before being run at 60V for 54 minutes followed by 120V for 1hr 46min. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB6491 at a 1:5000 dilution (0.2µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Following imaging, the membrane was stripped by incubation with two changes of stripping buffer (HB7756) then was re-probed following the protocol described with HB9177 (mouse monoclonal anti-GAPDH) at a 1:4000 dilution (250ng/ml) overnight at 4°C. Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs and visualised again using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 4 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 4. ß-Tubulin and Neurofilament L expression in cultured rat neurones.
HB6491 stained the dense network of tubulin filaments present in neurones cultured from P2 rats. Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) alongside HB7266 (1:4,000 dilution, 0.25 µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibodies (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit DyLight 594 conjugated, Thermofisher 35511, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 937V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 11.8% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 22.9% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.35µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 5. The effect of varying HB6491 concentration upon ß-tubulin staining in cultured rat neurones.
HB6491 produces consistent staining with a high signal to noise ratio at concentrations as low at 62.5ng/ml (1:16,000 dilution). Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at dilutions ranging from 1:2000 (500ng/ml) to 1:16,000 (125ng/ml). All incubations additionally included HB7266 (mouse monoclonal anti-neurofilament L) at a concentration of 250ng/ml (1:4,000 dilution). This was followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibodies (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit DyLight 594 conjugated, Thermofisher 35511, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. Images were captured in a z-stack using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope in Lightning adaptive deconvolution mode using a 63x objective. Laser powers and gains were as follows:
- 1:2,000 – 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 937V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 11.8% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 22.9% gain)
- 1:4,000 - 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 825V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 10.2% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 14.1% gain)
- 1:8,000 - 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 825V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 10.2% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 14.1% gain)
- 1:1,6000 - 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 825V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 12.7% gain) and 561nm (1.0% power, HyD: 10.0% gain)
Images were processed in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682) using the subtract background (50px rolling ball radius) tool followed by Z-projection, stacking and montage creation.
Figure 6. ß-tubulin and phalloidin staining in HeLa cells.
HB6491 revealed the dense network of tubulin containing microtubules within HeLa cells while FITC phalloidin (HB0814) stains actin filaments. Methods: HeLa cells were cultured following standard protocols in 10% FBS in DMEM with 1% pen-Strep before being fixed in 4% PFA. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with a polyclonal goat anti-mouse Janelia Fluor 549 (HB7336) conjugated secondary antibody (1:300 dilution) and FITC Phalloidin (HB0814, 183nM). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.1% power, PMT: 500V gain), 488nm (2.4% power, HyD: 22.3% gain) and 561nm (3.0% power, HyD: 22.3% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.37µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 7. ß-tubulin and phalloidin staining in HeLa cells.
HB6491 revealed the dense network of tubulin containing microtubules within HeLa cells while FITC phalloidin (HB0814) stains actin filaments. Methods: HeLa cells were cultured following standard protocols in 10% FBS in DMEM with 1% pen-Strep before being fixed in 4% PFA. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with a polyclonal goat anti-mouse Janelia Fluor 549 (HB7336) conjugated secondary antibody (1:300 dilution) and FITC Phalloidin (HB0814, 183nM). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.1% power, PMT: 500V gain), 488nm (2.4% power, HyD: 35.0% gain) and 561nm (3.0% power, HyD: 22.3% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.46µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 1. ß-Tubulin and Neurofilament L expression in cultured rat neurones
HB6491 stained the dense network of tubulin filaments present in neurones cultured from P2 rats. Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) alongside HB7266 (1:4,000 dilution, 0.25 µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibodies (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit DyLight 594 conjugated, Thermofisher 35511, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 817V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 10% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 17.6% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.26µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 2. Concentration response of HB6491 staining in a rat brain cytosol preparation
HB6491 shows consistent results with low background at dilutions as low as 1:64,000 (15.6 ng/ml). Method: cytosol fractions were prepared from fresh rat brains following established protocols (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326). Rat cytosol samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (NEB colour pre-stained broad range, P7719S) before being run at 60V for 40 minutes followed by 120V for 100 minutes. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. Following transfer the membrane was cut into strips using Ponceau dye to visualise and cut individual lanes. Strips were blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB6491. Each strip was incubated separately with a separate HB6491 concentration with this ranging from 1µg/ml (1:1,1000 dilution) to 3.9ng/ml (1:256,000 dilution). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Band intensity was calculated using Image Studio version 5.2.5 (LiCor) and a graph was constructed in GraphPad Prism 9 using a 3-parameter Hill equation curve fit.
Figure 3. ß-Tubulin expression in various tissue lysates and preparations
HB6491 revealed a single band of size 56.5kDa present in all samples with a strong signal to noise ratio. Due to the higher expression in brain samples the membrane was imaged at two different exposure levels which are presented side by side. Method: mouse brain and rat brain membrane (P2) and cytosol fractions were prepared following previous work (Molnar et al., 1993. Neuroscience 53:307-326) from freshly collected adult brains. Other tissue lysates were prepared following established protocols from freshly dissected tissue (see our guide on WB sample preparation). Samples (20µg / lane) were loaded onto a 12% acrylamide gel alongside a protein ladder (NEB colour pre-stained broad range, P7719S) before being run at 60V for 54 minutes followed by 120V for 1hr 46min. Wet transfer to a PVDF membrane was completed in 90 minutes using 400mA. The membrane was blocked for 2hrs in 5% non-fat dry milk before being incubated overnight at 4°C in HB6491 at a 1:5000 dilution (0.2µg/ml). Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs. For more detail please see our Western blotting protocol. Detection was accomplished using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 10 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure). Following imaging, the membrane was stripped by incubation with two changes of stripping buffer (HB7756) then was re-probed following the protocol described with HB9177 (mouse monoclonal anti-GAPDH) at a 1:4000 dilution (250ng/ml) overnight at 4°C. Following washing the membrane was incubated in secondary antibody (1:10,000 dilution, Polyclonal goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated, Sigma Aldrich A3682) for 2hrs and visualised again using Clarity Western ECL substrate (BioRad, 1705061) and a Licor Odyssey Fc imaging system (ECL channel: 4 min exposure, 700nm channel: 30 sec exposure).
Figure 4. ß-Tubulin and Neurofilament L expression in cultured rat neurones.
HB6491 stained the dense network of tubulin filaments present in neurones cultured from P2 rats. Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) alongside HB7266 (1:4,000 dilution, 0.25 µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibodies (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit DyLight 594 conjugated, Thermofisher 35511, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 937V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 11.8% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 22.9% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.35µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 5. The effect of varying HB6491 concentration upon ß-tubulin staining in cultured rat neurones.
HB6491 produces consistent staining with a high signal to noise ratio at concentrations as low at 62.5ng/ml (1:16,000 dilution). Method: neurones were cultured from PND2 rats following established protocols (Brewer and Torricelli, 2007. Nat Protoc 2, 1490–1498) and fixed with 4% PFA on DIV21. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at dilutions ranging from 1:2000 (500ng/ml) to 1:16,000 (125ng/ml). All incubations additionally included HB7266 (mouse monoclonal anti-neurofilament L) at a concentration of 250ng/ml (1:4,000 dilution). This was followed by a one hour incubation with secondary antibodies (Polyclonal goat anti-mouse DyLight 488 conjugated, Thermofisher 35503, 1:300 dilution and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit DyLight 594 conjugated, Thermofisher 35511, 1:300 dilution). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. Images were captured in a z-stack using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope in Lightning adaptive deconvolution mode using a 63x objective. Laser powers and gains were as follows:
- 1:2,000 – 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 937V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 11.8% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 22.9% gain)
- 1:4,000 - 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 825V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 10.2% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 14.1% gain)
- 1:8,000 - 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 825V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 10.2% gain) and 561nm (2.0% power, HyD: 14.1% gain)
- 1:1,6000 - 405nm (11.8% power, PMT: 825V gain), 496nm (0.5% power, HyD: 12.7% gain) and 561nm (1.0% power, HyD: 10.0% gain)
Images were processed in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682) using the subtract background (50px rolling ball radius) tool followed by Z-projection, stacking and montage creation.
Figure 6. ß-tubulin and phalloidin staining in HeLa cells.
HB6491 revealed the dense network of tubulin containing microtubules within HeLa cells while FITC phalloidin (HB0814) stains actin filaments. Methods: HeLa cells were cultured following standard protocols in 10% FBS in DMEM with 1% pen-Strep before being fixed in 4% PFA. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with a polyclonal goat anti-mouse Janelia Fluor 549 (HB7336) conjugated secondary antibody (1:300 dilution) and FITC Phalloidin (HB0814, 183nM). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.1% power, PMT: 500V gain), 488nm (2.4% power, HyD: 22.3% gain) and 561nm (3.0% power, HyD: 22.3% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.37µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Figure 7. ß-tubulin and phalloidin staining in HeLa cells.
HB6491 revealed the dense network of tubulin containing microtubules within HeLa cells while FITC phalloidin (HB0814) stains actin filaments. Methods: HeLa cells were cultured following standard protocols in 10% FBS in DMEM with 1% pen-Strep before being fixed in 4% PFA. Cells were permeabilised with 0.1% Triton X-100 followed by blocking in 1% BSA, 300mM glycine. HB6491 was incubated overnight (4°C) at a 1:2000 dilution (0.5µg/ml) followed by a one hour incubation with a polyclonal goat anti-mouse Janelia Fluor 549 (HB7336) conjugated secondary antibody (1:300 dilution) and FITC Phalloidin (HB0814, 183nM). DAPI (HB0747) was used at 1µg/ml to visualise cell nuclei. For more detail please see our ICC protocol. The image was captured using a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope attached to a Leica DMi8 inverted epifluorescence microscope. The image was captured using Lightning adaptive deconvolution using a 63x objective and 405nm (11.1% power, PMT: 500V gain), 488nm (2.4% power, HyD: 35.0% gain) and 561nm (3.0% power, HyD: 22.3% gain) lasers. Images were captured as a stack (0.46µm z-spacing) being flattened using a maximum Z projection in ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012. Nat Methods, 9(7), 676–682).
Product information
| Immunogen | Tubulin preparation from pig brain |
| Clone number | 1B12 |
| Isotype | IgG2b |
| Purification | Protein G affinity purified |
| Concentration | 1 mg/ml |
| Formulation | 1:1 ratio of PBS:Glycerol + 5mM sodium azide |
| Predicted species reactivity | Mouse, Rat, Human |
| Tested species reactivity | Mouse, Rat, Human |
Tested applications
| Applications | ICC, WB |
| Western blot optimal concentration | 0.1μg/ml (1:10,000) as tested in rat brain cytosol fraction |
| ICC optimal concentration | 0.25μg/ml (1:4,000) as tested in cultured primary rat neurones |
| Positive control | β-tubulin is expressed ubiquitously across nearly all mammalian cell and tissue types. It is also widely expressed in common cell lines (e.g. HEK293, SH-SY5Y, HeLa) |
| Negative control | β-tubulin is a cytoskeletal enzyme, so complete subcellular fractionation should be sufficient to provide a negative control. Due to its high expression, care should be taken to ensure that fractionation is complete without any cytoskeletal contamination. |
| Open data link | Please follow this link to OSF |
Target information
| Other names | Tubulin beta chain, Tubulin beta-5 chain, TUBB |
| UniProt ID | P07437 |
| Structure image |  |
| Gene name | TUBB |
| NCBI full gene name | tubulin beta class I |
| Entrez gene ID | 203068 |
| Amino acids | 444 (49.7kDa) |
| Isoforms | β-tubulin has no isoforms other than the main sequence. |
| Expression | Expressed widely across all cell and tissue types including common cell lines. |
| Subcellular expression | Expressed in the cytoskeleton as a microtubule component. |
| Processing | None |
| Post translational modifications | β-tubulin has phosphorylation sites on multiple residues alongside numerous gamma-glutamylation sites. |
| Homology (compared to human) | Mouse and rat β-tubulin have a 98.4% and 93.2% identity to human β-tubulin as measured in a BLAST search |
| Similar proteins | No proteins (other than β-tubulin family members) show significant homology in a BLAST search |
Storage & Handling
| Storage instructions | -20°C |
| Important | This product is for RESEARCH USE ONLY and is not intended for therapeutic or diagnostic use. Not for human or veterinary use |
Technical guides
Western Blot Protocol (1 MB) References for Anti-β-tubulin antibody ValidAbTM
References are publications that support the biological activity of the product
-
Tubulin: Structure, Functions and Roles in Disease.
Binarová P et al (2019) Cells 8 : -
The structured core of human β tubulin confers isotype-specific polymerization properties.
Pamula MC et al (2016) The Journal of cell biology 213 : 425-33 -
beta-tubulin is a more suitable internal control than beta-actin in western blot analysis of spinal cord tissues after traumatic injury.
Liu NK et al (2006) Journal of neurotrauma 23 : 1794-801 -
Free intermingling of mammalian beta-tubulin isotypes among functionally distinct microtubules.
Lewis SA et al (1987) Cell 49 : 539-48
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