Product overview
| Name | Tetrodotoxin citrate |
| Alternative names | TTX|TTX citrate |
| Purity | >99% |
| Special requirements | This is a Home Office notifiable schedule 5 toxin. As this product is a toxin, customers are required to complete a short end user declaration when ordering. Our customer care team will be happy to help you with this. |
| Customer comments | Great product! TTX citrate works great and is very effective for neuroscience study. I have used this product for many years. Other products are excellent as well Verified customer, Texas A&M University, USA Works as it should for a reasonable price. The citrate version dissolves easily in water at 1mM and blocks action potentials quickly and reversibly at 0.5µM. Verified customer, Heidelberg University, Germany Excellent, good value product. We have bought this product for many years and it has always performed as it should. It dissolves quickly and is highly effective at the doses suggested by the literature. We will continue to buy it from Hello Bio. Verified customer, UCL, UK ...worked perfectly as expected and blocked action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM and above. I would recommend the use of Tetrodotoxin citrate from Hello Bio for use in electrophysiology recordings. Matt Udakis, University of Bath, UK |
| Description | Potent, selective, use-dependent Na+ channel blocker. Citrate Salt. |
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Images
Figure 1. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of action potential firing upon somatic current injection in a CA1 pyramidal neuron.
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibits action potentials evoked by somatic current injection in a dose dependent manner in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 µM.
Method: C57BL/6J mouse brain sections were prepared following standard protocols (Udakis et al., 2020). Pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1 were patched using a potassium gluconate internal solution and held at -70mV in Iclamp before being subject to progressively increasing somatic current injections ranging from 50pA to 300pA to evoke action potentials. This was then repeated in the presence of 100nM and 500nM TTX dissolved in aCSF.
Figure 2. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of action potential firing upon post synaptic current injection in cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 1 in Application Notes below.
Figure 3. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of electrically evoked EPSP and action potential within cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 2 in Application Notes below.
Figure 4. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons.
Neurons are voltage clamped with a holding voltage of -70 mV. Spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (SEPSCs) are recorded. 100 nM was then bath applied in the perfusate, resulting in the rapid elimination of action potential spiking.
Figure 5. Whole-cell current clamp recordings using a K+-based filling solution
Whole-cell current clamp recordings were made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons using a K+-based filling solution. Neurons were injected with 600 pa current for 400 ms. 100 nM TTX was then bath applied in the perfusate, and the stimulus repeated. Example traces show the evoked action potentials eliminated following TTX perfusion.
Tetrodotoxin Citrate: Scientist Approved
Figure 1. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of action potential firing upon somatic current injection in a CA1 pyramidal neuron.
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibits action potentials evoked by somatic current injection in a dose dependent manner in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 µM.
Method: C57BL/6J mouse brain sections were prepared following standard protocols (Udakis et al., 2020). Pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1 were patched using a potassium gluconate internal solution and held at -70mV in Iclamp before being subject to progressively increasing somatic current injections ranging from 50pA to 300pA to evoke action potentials. This was then repeated in the presence of 100nM and 500nM TTX dissolved in aCSF.
Figure 2. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of action potential firing upon post synaptic current injection in cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 1 in Application Notes below.
Figure 3. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of electrically evoked EPSP and action potential within cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 2 in Application Notes below.
Figure 4. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons.
Neurons are voltage clamped with a holding voltage of -70 mV. Spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (SEPSCs) are recorded. 100 nM was then bath applied in the perfusate, resulting in the rapid elimination of action potential spiking.
Figure 5. Whole-cell current clamp recordings using a K+-based filling solution
Whole-cell current clamp recordings were made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons using a K+-based filling solution. Neurons were injected with 600 pa current for 400 ms. 100 nM TTX was then bath applied in the perfusate, and the stimulus repeated. Example traces show the evoked action potentials eliminated following TTX perfusion.
Tetrodotoxin Citrate: Scientist Approved
Biological Data
| Biological description | Potent, selective and reversible, voltage dependent Na+ channel blocker. Use dependent. Citrate Salt. Commonly used in electrophysiological preparations to block or reduce excitability. |
| Application notes | Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 μM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM and above (see Fig 1 and 2 above).
#Protocol 1: Effect of TTX citrate on action potentials in mouse cortical neurons
#Protocol 2: Effect of TTX citrate on EPSPs and action potential firing in mouse cortical neurons
|
Solubility & Handling
| Storage instructions | -20°C (desiccate) |
| Solubility overview | Soluble in water (1 mg/ml). The vial contains 1 mg of TTX and an additional 5 mg of citrate buffer to aid with solubility. For calculations relating to TTX concentration, refer to the molecular weight 319.27 listed on the vial. |
| Important | This product is for RESEARCH USE ONLY and is not intended for therapeutic or diagnostic use. Not for human or veterinary use. |
Chemical Data
| Purity | >99% |
| Chemical name | Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imin o-5,9:7,10a-dimethano-10aH-[1,3]dioxocino[6,5-d]py rimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol citrate |
| Molecular Weight | 319.27 |
| Chemical structure | ![Tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX citrate) [18660-81-6] Chemical Structure](https://cdn.hellobio.com/media/catalog/product//h/b/hb1035_1.png "Tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX citrate) [18660-81-6]") |
| Molecular Formula | C11H17N3O8 |
| CAS Number | 18660-81-6 |
| PubChem identifier | 54592378 |
| SMILES | C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O.C([C@@]1([C@@H]2[C@@H]3[C@H](N=C(N[C@]34[C@@H]([C@H]1O[C@]([C@H]4O)(O2)O)O)N)O)O)O |
| Source | Extracted from fugu |
| InChi | InChI=1S/C11H17N3O8.C6H8O7/c12-8-13-6(17)2-4-9(19,1-15)5-3(16)10(2,14-8)7(18)11(20,21-4)22-5;7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h2-7,15-20H,1H2,(H3,12,13,14);13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6-,7+,9+,10+,11+;/m1./s1 |
| InChiKey | YUJWMDOXROTQCW-WNGAXIQVSA-N |
| Appearance | White or colourless solid |
Technical guides
Understanding purity and quality - a guide for life scientistsReferences for Tetrodotoxin citrate
References are publications that support the biological activity of the product
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Tetrodotoxin: chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection.
Bane V et al (2014) Toxins (Basel) 6(2) : 693-755. -
Antagonistic effects of tetrodotoxin on aconitine-induced cardiac toxicity.
Ono T et al (2013) J Nippon Med Sch 80(5) : 350-61. -
Tetrodotoxin for moderate to severe cancer pain: a randomized, double blind, parallel design multicenter study.
Hagen NA et al (2008) J Pain Symptom Manage 35(4) : 420-9. -
The protective action of tetrodotoxin and (+/-)-kavain on anaerobic glycolysis, ATP content and intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ of anoxic brain vesicles.
Gleitz J et al (1996) Neuropharmacology 35(12) : 1743-52.
Publications
These publications cite the use of Tetrodotoxin citrate purchased from Hello Bio:
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Activity-dependent compartmentalization of dendritic mitochondria morphology through local regulation of fusion-fission balance in neurons in vivo.
Virga DM et al (2024) Nature communications 15 : 2142PubMedID: 38459070 -
Nicotine engages a VTA-NAc feedback loop to inhibit amygdala-projecting dopamine neurons and induce anxiety
Le Borgne et al (2024) https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.20.607920 -
Modulating voltage-gated sodium channels to enhance differentiation and sensitize glioblastoma cells to chemotherapy.
Giammello F et al (2024) Cell communication and signaling : CCS 22 : 434PubMedID: 39251990 -
An innate immune response to adeno-associated virus genomes decreases cortical dendritic complexity and disrupts synaptic transmission.
Suriano CM et al (2024) Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 32 : 1721-1738PubMedID: 38566414 -
Ventral tegmental area astrocytes modulate cocaine reward by tonically releasing GABA.
Yang J et al (2023) Neuron 111 : 1104-1117.e6PubMedID: 36681074
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