Product overview
| Name | Tetrodotoxin citrate |
| Alternative names | TTX|TTX citrate |
| Purity | >99% |
| Customer comments | Tetrodotoxin citrate from Hello Bio worked perfectly as expected and blocked action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM and above. I would recommend the use of Tetrodotoxin citrate from Hello Bio for use in electrophysiology recordings. Matt Udakis, PhD student, University of Bath, UK Hello Bio produce very high quality TTX citrate, which fully blocks NaV channels and provides good value for money.Verified customer, The University of Edinburgh Just washed the Tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX) on and it works as expected (it inhibits the fibre volley at 1 μM).Verified customer, The University of Bristol I am fully satisfied with Tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX) from Hello Bio Verified customer, UTHSC Just what we expected. We are using TTX (Tetrodotoxin citrate) for many years as our tool compound to block voltage-gated Na currents. TTX citrate from Hello Bio worked perfectly in our laboratory. Verified customer, University of Vigo |
| Description | Potent, selective, use-dependent Na+ channel blocker. Citrate Salt. |
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Images
Figure 1. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of action potential firing upon post synaptic current injection in cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 1 in Application Notes below.
Figure 2. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of electrically evoked EPSP and action potential within cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 2 in Application Notes below.
Figure 3. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons.
Neurons are voltage clamped with a holding voltage of -70 mV. Spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (SEPSCs) are recorded. 100 nM was then bath applied in the perfusate, resulting in the rapid elimination of action potential spiking.
Figure 4. Whole-cell current clamp recordings using a K+-based filling solution
Whole-cell current clamp recordings were made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons using a K+-based filling solution. Neurons were injected with 600 pa current for 400 ms. 100 nM TTX was then bath applied in the perfusate, and the stimulus repeated. Example traces show the evoked action potentials eliminated following TTX perfusion.
Tetrodotoxin Citrate: Scientist Approved
Figure 1. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of action potential firing upon post synaptic current injection in cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 1 in Application Notes below.
Figure 2. TTX citrate mediated inhibition of electrically evoked EPSP and action potential within cortical neuron
Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1µM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM For assay protocol, see #Protocol 2 in Application Notes below.
Figure 3. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons.
Neurons are voltage clamped with a holding voltage of -70 mV. Spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (SEPSCs) are recorded. 100 nM was then bath applied in the perfusate, resulting in the rapid elimination of action potential spiking.
Figure 4. Whole-cell current clamp recordings using a K+-based filling solution
Whole-cell current clamp recordings were made from primary cultured rat cortical neurons using a K+-based filling solution. Neurons were injected with 600 pa current for 400 ms. 100 nM TTX was then bath applied in the perfusate, and the stimulus repeated. Example traces show the evoked action potentials eliminated following TTX perfusion.
Tetrodotoxin Citrate: Scientist Approved
Biological Data
| Biological description | Potent, selective and reversible, voltage dependent Na+ channel blocker. Use dependent. Citrate Salt. Commonly used in electrophysiological preparations to block or reduce excitability. |
| Application notes | Tetrodotoxin is commonly used in electrophysiology to block excitability by inhibiting action potential firing within neurons. It is commonly applied at concentrations of 1 μM. Tetrodotoxin from Hello Bio works as expected and blocks action potential firing at concentrations of 100 nM and above (see Fig 1 and 2 above).
#Protocol 1: Effect of TTX citrate on action potentials in mouse cortical neurons
#Protocol 2: Effect of TTX citrate on EPSPs and action potential firing in mouse cortical neurons
|
Solubility & Handling
| Storage instructions | -20°C (desiccate) |
| Solubility overview | Soluble in water (1 mg/ml) |
| Important | This product is for RESEARCH USE ONLY and is not intended for therapeutic or diagnostic use. Not for human or veterinary use. |
Chemical Data
| Purity | >99% |
| Chemical name | Octahydro-12-(hydroxymethyl)-2-imin o-5,9:7,10a-dimethano-10aH-[1,3]dioxocino[6,5-d]py rimidine-4,7,10,11,12-pentol citrate |
| Molecular Weight | 319.27 |
| Chemical structure | ![Tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX citrate) [18660-81-6] Chemical Structure](https://hellobio.com/media/catalog/product//h/b/hb1035_1.png "Tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX citrate) [18660-81-6]") |
| Molecular Formula | C11H17N3O8 |
| CAS Number | 18660-81-6 |
| PubChem identifier | 54592378 |
| SMILES | C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O.C([C@@]1([C@@H]2[C@@H]3[C@H](N=C(N[C@]34[C@@H]([C@H]1O[C@]([C@H]4O)(O2)O)O)N)O)O)O |
| Source | Extracted from fugu |
| InChi | InChI=1S/C11H17N3O8.C6H8O7/c12-8-13-6(17)2-4-9(19,1-15)5-3(16)10(2,14-8)7(18)11(20,21-4)22-5;7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h2-7,15-20H,1H2,(H3,12,13,14);13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6-,7+,9+,10+,11+;/m1./s1 |
| InChiKey | YUJWMDOXROTQCW-WNGAXIQVSA-N |
| Appearance | White or colourless solid |
Technical guides
Understanding purity and quality - a guide for life scientistsReferences for Tetrodotoxin citrate
References are publications that support the biological activity of the product
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Tetrodotoxin: chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection.
Bane V et al (2014) Toxins (Basel) 6(2) : 693-755. -
Antagonistic effects of tetrodotoxin on aconitine-induced cardiac toxicity.
Ono T et al (2013) J Nippon Med Sch 80(5) : 350-61. -
Tetrodotoxin for moderate to severe cancer pain: a randomized, double blind, parallel design multicenter study.
Hagen NA et al (2008) J Pain Symptom Manage 35(4) : 420-9. -
The protective action of tetrodotoxin and (+/-)-kavain on anaerobic glycolysis, ATP content and intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ of anoxic brain vesicles.
Gleitz J et al (1996) Neuropharmacology 35(12) : 1743-52.
Publications
These publications cite the use of Tetrodotoxin citrate purchased from Hello Bio:
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Ventral tegmental area astrocytes modulate cocaine reward by tonically releasing GABA.
Yang J et al (2023) Neuron 111 : 1104-1117.e6PubMedID: 36681074 -
Neural deficits in a mouse model of PACS1 syndrome are corrected with PACS1- or HDAC6-targeting therapy.
Villar-Pazos S et al (2023) Nature communications 14 : 6547PubMedID: 37848409 -
Lateral entorhinal cortex inputs modulate hippocampal dendritic excitability by recruiting a local disinhibitory microcircuit
Bas et al (2022) bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.13.476247 : doi -
Signaling pathways involved in NMDA-induced suppression of M-channels in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in central amygdala
Zhang H et al (2022) J Neurochem 161(6) : 478-491PubMedID: 35583089 -
Human Stem Cell-Derived TRPV1-Positive Sensory Neurons: A New Tool to Study Mechanisms of Sensitization.
Schrenk-Siemens K et al (2022) Cells 11PubMedID: 36139481
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