Disrupted operations of the reward circuit underlie major emotional disorders, including depression, which commonly arise following early life stress / adversity (ELA).

Distinct populations of Purkinje cells (PCs) with unique molecular and connectivity features are at the core of the modular organization of the cerebellum.

Cell fragments devoid of the nucleus play an essential role in intercellular communication.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) controls various physiological functions via the neurotransmitter noradrenaline.

Psychosocial stress is a common risk factor for anxiety disorders. The cellular mechanism for the anxiogenic effect of psychosocial stress is largely unclear.

Reduced structural and functional interhemispheric connectivity correlates with the severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) behaviors in humans.

Evidence suggests that astrocytes are not merely supportive cells in the nervous system but may actively participate in the control of neural circuits underlying cognition and behavior.

Sensory-driven decisions are formed by accumulating information over time.

The hippocampus is essential for normal memory but does not act in isolation. The anterior thalamic nuclei may represent one vital partner.

Early-life stress, including maternal separation (MS), increases the vulnerability to develop mood disorders later in life, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.

Tumor organoids have been pushed forward as advanced model systems for in vitro oncology drug testing, with the eventual goal to direct personalized cancer treatments.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) shows promising clinical benefits.

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is essential for organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Dysfunction of this cascade drives several cancers.

Enhanced/prolonged cAMP signalling has been suggested as a suppressor of cancer proliferation. Interestingly, two key modulators that elevate cAMP, the A

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a 5-year survival rate of <7%.

The dissemination of cancer to bone can cause significant cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP), severely impairing the patient's quality of life.

The human Alanine Serine Cysteine Transporter 2 (ASCT2) is a neutral amino acid exchanger that belongs to the solute carrier family 1 (SLC1A).

Chemotherapeutic drugs such as paclitaxel cause painful peripheral neuropathy in many cancer patients and survivors.

In addition to oncogenic drivers, signaling nodes can critically modulate cancer-related cellular networks to strength tumor hallmarks.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease suffer from increased cardiovascular events and cardiac mortality.

Cold ischemic injury to the intestine during preservation remains an unresolved issue in transplantation medicine.

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is one of the major protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PPPs) with regulatory effects on several cellular processes, but its role and function in Adriamycin (ADR)-trea.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that is associated with extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque formation.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are a promising tool for replacing animal-based experiments. To warrant data reproducibility, quality-controlled research material is recommended.

Aldosterone (Aldo), when overproduced, is a cardiotoxic hormone underlying heart failure and hypertension.

FOXG1 syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the FOXG1 gene.

Animal venoms can play an important role in drug discovery, as they are a rich source of evolutionarily tuned compounds that target a variety of ion channels and receptors.

The parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN) is activated by refeeding after food deprivation and several PSTN subpopulations have been shown to suppress feeding.

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway contains multiple high-confidence risk genes that are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder.

Trauma and chronic stress exposure are the strongest predictors of lifetime neuropsychiatric disease presentation.

Neurotransmission in the brain is unreliable, suggesting that high-frequency spike bursts rather than individual spikes carry the neural code.

Recent studies have shown that the hypothalamus functions as a control center of aging in mammals that counteracts age-associated physiological decline through inter-tissue communications.

For decades, the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) such as FOS has been the most widely used molecular marker representing neuronal activation.

Neuronal mitochondria play important roles beyond ATP generation, including Ca

Hippocampal pyramidal neuron activity underlies episodic memory and spatial navigation.

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons can co-express several neuropeptides or neurotransmitters and send widespread projections throughout the brain.

A fundamental feature of vocal communication is that animals produce vocalizations with different acoustic features in different behavioral contexts (contact calls, territorial calls, courtship calls,.

Decades of efforts in elucidating pain mechanisms, including pharmacological, neuroanatomical, and physiological studies have provided insights into how nociceptive information transmits from the peri.

Formation and retrieval of remote contextual memory depends on cortical engram neurons that are defined during learning. Manipulation of astrocytic G

G protein-biased μ opioid receptor agonists have the potential to induce less receptor desensitisation and tolerance than balanced opioids.

Microglia are critical regulators of brain development that engulf synaptic proteins during postnatal synapse remodeling.

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) are engineered receptors that allow for genetically targeted, reversible manipulation of cellular activity via systemic drug admini.

Previously, we demonstrated the efficacy of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (cIN) grafts in ameliorating seizures.

The currently accepted methods for neurotoxicity (NT) testing rely on animal studies. However, high costs and low testing throughput hinder their application for large numbers of chemicals.

Binge-like exposure to ethanol during the brain growth spurt triggers apoptotic neurodegeneration in multiple brain regions, including the retrosplenial cortex, a brain region that is part of the hipp.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by loss of intake control, increased anxiety, and susceptibility to relapse inducing stressors.

Social novelty is a cognitive process that is essential for animals to interact strategically with conspecifics based on their prior experiences.

The molecular processes behind Parkinson's disease (PD) remain under debate although mitochondrial oxidative stress generation has been proposed as a fundamental contributor.

Hilar mossy cells (MCs) are principal excitatory neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) that play critical roles in hippocampal function and have been implicated in brain disorders such as anxiety and epil.

Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) residing within severely damaged olfactory epithelium (OE) mediate OE regeneration by differentiating into odorant-detecting olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and other ti.

Addictive drugs increase ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neuron activity through distinct cellular mechanisms, one of which involves disinhibition of DA neurons by inhibiting local GABA neu.

Adverse experiences in early life can shape neuronal structures and synaptic function in multiple brain regions, leading to deficits of distinct cognitive functions later in life.

Dopamine neurons project to the striatum to control movement, cognition, and motivation via slower volume transmission as well as faster dopamine, glutamate, and GABA synaptic actions capable of conve.

The connectivity and interplay between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus underpin various key cognitive processes, with changes in these interactions being implicated in both neurodevelopmental an.

To maintain a stable and clear image of the world, our eyes reflexively follow the direction in which a visual scene is moving.

The human brain is a complex and poorly accessible organ.

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are a promising tool for analyzing neural circuitry, and improved DREADD-selective ligands continue to be developed.

To investigate the role of glial cells in the regulation of glucoprivic responses in rats, a chemogenetic approach was used to activate astrocytes neighboring catecholamine (CA) neurons in the ventrom.

Poor outcomes are common in individuals with anxiety and depression, and the brain circuits underlying symptoms and treatment responses remain elusive.

In layer 5 of the neocortex, ACh promotes cortical output to the thalamus and brainstem by preferentially enhancing the postsynaptic excitability of pyramidal tract (PT) neurons relative to neighborin.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia caused by a progressive loss of neurons from different regions of the brain.

Expression of inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) on excitatory hippocampal neurons in the hippocampus represents a potential new therapeutic strategy for d.

The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is important for the control of movement as it encodes sensory input from the body periphery and external environment during ongoing movement.

Thermoregulatory behavior is a basic motivated behavior for body temperature homeostasis.

The empathic ability to vicariously experience the other's fearful situation, a process called observational fear (OF), is critical to survive in nature and function in society.

Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system fail to regenerate after spinal cord injury.

Cocaine-associated environments (i.e., contexts) evoke persistent memories of cocaine reward and thereby contribute to the maintenance of addictive behavior in cocaine users.

Neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls dominance hierarchies in groups of animals.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the spinal dorsal horn reflect activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and central sensitization in chronic pain.

Regulating how fast to learn is critical for flexible behavior. Learning about the consequences of actions should be slow in stable environments, but accelerate when that environment changes.

Studies in rodent models of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders have uncovered that glutamate-induced excitotoxic cell death is mediated primarily by extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate recep.

Animals can cope with isolated stressful situations without enduring long-term consequences.

Corticofugal projections to evolutionarily ancient, subcortical structures are ubiquitous across mammalian sensory systems.

Inhibitory interneurons orchestrate prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity, but we have a limited understanding of the molecular and experience-dependent mechanisms that regulate synaptic plasticity across .

The transition from wakefulness to sleep requires striking alterations in brain activity, physiology, and behavior, yet the precise neuronal circuit elements facilitating this transition remain unclea.

The debilitating psychomotor symptoms of Huntington's disease (HD) are linked partly to degeneration of the basal ganglia indirect pathway.

Dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is essential for the regulation of social behavior. However, stress-causing social withdrawal also promotes dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex.

Optimizing reproductive fitness in mammalians requires behavioral adaptations during pregnancy. Maternal preparatory nesting is an essential behavior for the survival of the upcoming litter.

The organization of the postsynaptic density (PSD), a protein-dense semi-membraneless organelle, is mediated by numerous specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) which constitute a functional post.

Regulation of synaptic neurotransmitter receptor content is a fundamental mechanism for tuning synaptic efficacy during experience-dependent plasticity and behavioral adaptation.

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) have become a premier neuroscience research tool for enabling reversible manipulations of cellular activity following experimenter-.

The decision to either approach or avoid a potentially threatening environment is thought to rely upon the coordinated activity of heterogeneous neural populations in the hippocampus and prefrontal co.

The pruning of dendritic spines during development requires autophagy.

The progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) leads to the emergence of motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

In neurons, changes in Akt activity have been detected in response to the stimulation of transmembrane receptors.

Amacrine cells constitute a large and heterogeneous group of inhibitory interneurons in the retina.

Feedforward inhibitory circuits are key contributors to the complex interplay between excitation and inhibition in the brain.

Endocannabinoids are lipid neuromodulators that are synthesized on demand and primarily signal in a retrograde manner to elicit depression of excitatory and inhibitory synapses.

Ketamine treatment decreases depressive symptoms within hours, but the mechanisms mediating these rapid antidepressant effects are unclear.

Striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) transform convergent excitatory corticostriatal inputs into an inhibitory signal that shapes basal ganglia output.

Glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) and Kv7/M channels are importantly involved in regulating neuronal activity involved in various physiological and pathological functions.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common and is associated with poor outcome. Neural circuit involvement in POCD is unknown.

The striatum is a subcortical brain region responsible for the initiation and termination of voluntary movements.

SUMOylation is a post-translational modification essential to cell homeostasis.

Microglia, the main immunocompetent cells of the brain, regulate neuronal function, but their contribution to cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation has remained elusive.

Satellite glia are the major glial cells in sympathetic ganglia, enveloping neuronal cell bodies.

Functional hyperemia occurs when enhanced neuronal activity signals to increase local cerebral blood flow (CBF) to satisfy regional energy demand. Ca

Somatosensation, the detection and transduction of external and internal stimuli such as temperature or mechanical force, is vital to sustaining our bodily integrity.

Dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) form an important part of the basal ganglia circuitry, playing key roles in movement initiation and coordination.

Genetic abnormalities in synaptic proteins are common in individuals with autism; however, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms disrupted by these abnormalities is limited.

This study examines changes in synaptic transmission with progression of the chronic epileptic state. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (P40-45) were injected with either saline or pilocarpine.

Fragile X Syndrome is a genetic form of intellectual disability associated with autism, epilepsy and mood disorders.

Weighing alternatives during reward pursuit is a vital cognitive computation that, when disrupted by stress, yields aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders.

The NMDA receptors (NMDARs) expressed by AII and A17 amacrine cells, the two main inhibitory interneurons of the rod pathway microcircuit in the mammalian retina, are exclusively extrasynaptic, activa.

Microglia are important for brain homeostasis and immunity, but their role in regulating vigilance remains unclear.

Gap junctions between neurons serve as electrical synapses, in addition to conducting metabolites and signaling molecules.

Activity in numerous brain regions drives heroin seeking, but no circuits that limit heroin seeking have been identified. Furthermore, the neural circuits controlling opioid choice are unknown.

Early life stress (ELS) is a well-characterized risk factor for mood and anxiety disorders.

Accurate navigation to a desired goal requires consecutive estimates of spatial relationships between the current position and future destination throughout the journey.

Recent advances in the genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have identified the transcription factor FOXP2 as one of numerous risk genes, e.g.

The hippocampus is critical for memory formation. The hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM) sends long-range projections to hippocampal area CA2.

Very-low-frequency oscillations in microvascular diameter cause fluctuations in oxygen delivery that are important for fueling the brain and for functional imaging.

The GluN2 subunits of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are key drivers of synaptic plasticity in the brain, where the particular GluN2 composition endows the NMDAR complex with distinct pharmac.

Beginning at early stages, human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains manifest hyperexcitability, contributing to subsequent extensive synapse loss, which has been linked to cognitive dysfunction.

Epileptic activity in genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) patients preferentially appears during sleep and its mechanism remains unknown. Here, we found that sleep-like slow-wave oscillations (0.

The excitatory synapse between hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibits long-term potentiation (LTP), a positive feedback process implicated in learning and memory in which postsynaptic depo.

Studying synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus slice is a well-established way to analyze cellular mechanisms related to learning and memory.

The dynamic regulation of DNA methylation in postmitotic neurons is necessary for memory formation and other adaptive behaviors.

Photopharmacology is a unique approach that through a combination of photochemistry methods and advanced life science techniques allows the study and control of specific biological processes, ranging .

Long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal CA1 synapses can be expressed by an increase either in the number (N) of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors or in their .

Prenatal ethanol exposure causes a variety of cognitive deficits that have a persistent impact on quality of life, some of which may be explained by ethanol-induced alterations in interneuron function.

There is accumulating evidence that stress triggers specific temporal patterns of morphological plasticity in the amygdala, a brain area that plays a pivotal role in the debilitating emotional symptom.

To test the hypothesis that death with physiological parallels to human cases of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) can be induced in seizing rats by ictal activation of oxygen-conserving ref.

Astrocytes form functionally and morphologically distinct populations of cells with brain-region-specific properties.

The anorexigenic peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted from gut enteroendocrine cells and brain preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, which, respectively, define the peripheral and central GLP-1.

Extensive hierarchical yet highly reciprocal interactions among cortical areas are fundamental for information processing.

Maintaining stable body temperature through environmental thermal stressors requires detection of temperature changes, relay of information, and coordination of physiological and behavioral responses.

Sex differences in pain severity, response, and pathological susceptibility are widely reported, but the neural mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes remain poorly understood.

Hippocampal GABAergic neurons are subdivided into more than 20 subtypes that are distinguished by features and functions.

Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor X1 (MrgprX1) is a human-specific Mrgpr and its expression is restricted to primary sensory neurons.

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) steers goal-directed actions and withholds inappropriate behavior.

Correlation-based (Hebbian) forms of synaptic plasticity are crucial for the initial encoding of associative memories but likely insufficient to enable the stable storage of multiple specific memories.

Somatodendritic dopamine (DA) release from midbrain DA neurons activates D2 autoreceptors on these cells to regulate their activity. However, the source of autoregulatory DA remains controversial.

Animals display a rich repertoire of defensive responses adequate to the threat proximity. In social species, these reactions can be additionally influenced by the behavior of fearful conspecifics.

Projections from the lateral habenula (LHb) control ventral tegmental area (VTA) neuronal populations' activity and both nuclei shape the pathological behaviors emerging during cocaine withdrawal.

Hyperdopaminergic activities are often linked to positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but their neuropathological implications on negative symptoms are rather controversial among reports.

Exposure to aversive events during sensitive developmental periods can affect the preferential coping strategy adopted by individuals later in life, leading to either stress-related psychiatric disord.

Although medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to play important roles in social behaviors, how early social experiences affect the mPFC and its subcortical circuit remains unclear.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a frequent, potentially irreversible adverse effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy often leading to a reduction or discontinuation of treatment which ne.

In contrast to male rats, aggression in virgin female rats has been rarely studied.

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are essential for developmental myelination and oligodendrocyte regeneration after CNS injury.

Dendritic spines constitute the major compartments of excitatory post-synapses.

Sensory neurons relay gut-derived signals to the brain, yet the molecular and functional organization of distinct populations remains unclear.

Somatostatin (SST) neurons have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, but their role in substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AU.

Coagulopathy may occur following traumatic brain injury (TBI), thereby negatively affecting patient outcomes.

The interplay between genetic and environmental factors is critically involved in hypertension development.

Neuropsychiatric disorders are often accompanied by cognitive impairments/intellectual disability (ID).

Systemic treatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX) induces small-fiber sensory neuropathy by damaging TRPV1-expressing primary sensory neurons and causes distinct thermal sensory impairment and tactile all.

Neurons in nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC) have been shown by many lines of evidence to be important for regulating generalized CNS arousal.

The nucleus reuniens and rhomboid nuclei of the thalamus (ReRh) are reciprocally connected to a range of higher order cortices including hippocampus (HPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).

It is commonly acknowledged that memory is substantially improved when learning is distributed over time, an effect called the "spacing effect".

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a neuronal protein mediating multiple functions, with its absence resulting in one of the most common monogenic causes of autism, Fragile X syndrome (FXS.

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often have fragmentation of sleep/wake cycles and disrupted 24-h (circadian) activity.

Enhancement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function using glycine-site agonist D-cycloserine is known to facilitate fear extinction, providing a means to augment cognitive behavioral therapy .

Pain decreases the activity of many ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons, yet the underlying neural circuitry connecting nociception and the DA system is not understood.

Neurotransmitter spillover is a form of communication not readily predicted by anatomic structure.

Temporal association learning (TAL) allows for the linkage of distinct, nonsynchronous events across a period of time.

Overconsumption of highly palatable, energy-dense food is considered a key driver of the obesity pandemic.

Intracellular amyloid beta oligomer (iAβo) accumulation and neuronal hyperexcitability are two crucial events at early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

The anterior hippocampus of individuals with early psychosis or schizophrenia is hyperactive, as is the ventral hippocampus in many rodent models for schizophrenia risk.

AMPA receptor (AMPAR) abundance and positioning at excitatory synapses regulates the strength of transmission.

The function of astrocytes intertwines with the extracellular matrix, whose neuron and glial cell-derived components shape neuronal plasticity.

Here, we use optogenetics and chemogenetics to investigate the contribution of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway in aversion and heroin relapse in two different her.

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) is well recognized for eliciting anxiolytic effects and promoting social reward. However, emerging evidence shows that OXT increases aversive events.

Cocaine addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by maladaptation in the brain mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system.

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can produce behavioral and cognitive deficits that persist into adulthood.

Abnormally phosphorylated tau, an early neuropathologic marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), first occurs in the brain’s entorhinal cortex layer II (ECII) and then spreads to the CA1 field of the hippo.

Previous studies have demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the diffusible messengers for enhancing synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.

Seizures are a prominent feature in N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antibody (NMDAR antibody) encephalitis, a distinct neuro-immunological disorder in which specific human autoantibodies bind and crossl.

Gulf War Illness (GWI), a disorder suffered by approximately 200,000 veterans of the first Gulf War, was caused by exposure to low-level organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents in combination with.

TRPV1 mediates pain occurring during sickling episodes in sickle cell disease (SCD). We examined if hemin, a porphyrin released during intravascular hemolysis modulates TRPV1.

Ketamine elicits rapid and durable antidepressant actions in treatment-resistant patients with mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and bipolar depression.

We show here that the transcription factor Npas4 is an important regulator of medium spiny neuron spine density and electrophysiological parameters and that it determines the magnitude of cocaine-indu.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that transduces extracellular signals in virtually all eukaryotic cells.

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition involving neuronal dysfunction, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying the persistence of pain are still poorly understood.

Lactate ion sensing has emerged as a process that regulates ventilation during metabolic challenges. Most work has focused on peripheral sensing of lactate for the control of breathing.

Nondegradative ubiquitin chains attached to specific targets via Lysine 63 (K63) residues have emerged to play a fundamental role in synaptic function.

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are a commonly used tool in neuroscience to efficiently label, trace, and/or manipulate neuronal populations.

Mechanisms governing how immune cells and their derived molecules impact homeostatic brain function are still poorly understood.

Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the brain that affects over 65 million people worldwide.

Projections from the basal amygdala (BA) to the ventral hippocampus (vH) are proposed to provide information about the rewarding or threatening nature of learned associations to support appropriate go.

The benefits of current treatments for depression are limited by low response rates, delayed therapeutic effects, and multiple side effects.

Although several ionic mechanisms are known to control rate and regularity of the slow pacemaker in dopamine (DA) neurons, the core mechanism of pacing is controversial.

The combination of chemogenetics targeting specific brain cell populations with in vivo imaging techniques provides scientists with a powerful new tool to study functional neural networks at the whole.

The strength of synaptic transmission onto a neuron depends on the number of functional vesicle release sites (N), the probability of vesicle release (P We examined the merit of quantal analysis to ex.

Norepinephrine (NE) plays a central role in the acquisition of aversive learning via actions in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) [1, 2].

Mutations in the X-linked gene IQSEC2 are associated with multiple cases of epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathy, intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, the mechanistic understanding and .

Microexons represent the most highly conserved class of alternative splicing, yet their functions are poorly understood.

Episodic memory requires different types of information to be bound together to generate representations of experiences.

Exposure to ethanol during the last trimester equivalent of human pregnancy causes apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain, an effect that is thought to be mediated, in part, by inhibition.

Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in cortical networks are coupled by gap junctions, forming a syncytium that supports propagating epileptiform discharges, induced by 4-aminopyridine.

NMDA receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory neurotransmission.

A link exists between immune function and psychiatric conditions, particularly depressive and anxiety disorders.

In mouse cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs), the climbing fiber (CF) input provides a signal to parallel fiber (PF) synapses, triggering PF synaptic plasticity. This signal is given by supralinear Ca

Cocaine drastically elevates dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum, a brain region that is critical to the psychomotor and rewarding properties of the drug.

Tremendous individual differences exist in stress responsivity and social defeat stress is a key approach for identifying cellular mechanisms of stress susceptibility and resilience.

Enteric-associated neurons (EANs) are closely associated with immune cells and continuously monitor and modulate homeostatic intestinal functions, including motility and nutrient sensing.

Exogenous gene introduction by transfection is one of the most important approaches for understanding the function of specific genes at the cellular level.

Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) play a critical role in controlling the efficacy and polarity of GABA Transmembrane chloride gradients govern the efficacy and polarity of GABA signalling in neur.

Recent progress in the field of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has led to the efficient production of human neuronal cell models for in vitro study.

Heterozygous mutations of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) represent the major genetic risk for Parkinson's disease (PD), while homozygous GBA1 mutations cause Gaucher disease, a lysosom.

The development of the human brain involves multiple cellular processes including cell division, migration, and dendritic growth.

Although similar in molecular composition, synapses can exhibit strikingly distinct functional transmitter release and plasticity characteristics.

Various GPCRs have been described as being modulated in a voltage-dependent manner. Opioid analgesics act via activation of μ receptors in various neurons.

Neuronal activity is responsible for the high energy consumption in the brain.

Substantia nigra dopamine neurons have been implicated in the initiation and invigoration of movement, presumably through their modulation of striatal projection neuron (SPN) activity.

The brain dopamine (DA) system participates in forming and expressing memory.

Over 70 million European pregnant women are smokers during their child-bearing years.

Calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine, are widely used as standard immunosuppressants in organ transplantation recipients.

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons, which have been implicated in reward and aversion.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired motor symptoms induced by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc.

Alcohol use disorder is characterized by a high risk of relapse during periods of abstinence.

The ventral subiculum (vS) of the mouse hippocampus coordinates diverse behaviors through heterogeneous populations of pyramidal neurons that project to multiple distinct downstream regions.

Spatial navigation requires landmark coding from two perspectives, relying on viewpoint-invariant and self-referenced representations.

Non-invasive, molecularly-specific, focal modulation of brain circuits with low off-target effects can lead to breakthroughs in treatments of brain disorders.

Synapse formation and regulation require signaling interactions between pre- and postsynaptic proteins, notably cell adhesion molecules (CAMs).

Animals selectively respond to environmental cues associated with food reward to optimize nutrient intake.

The hippocampus is a highly organized structure in the brain that is a part of the limbic system and is involved in memory formation and consolidation as well as the manifestation of severe brain diso.

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) represent a technical revolution in integrative neuroscience.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that initially manifests itself in the striatum.

Connections between the gut and brain monitor the intestinal tissue and its microbial and dietary content

Release of the neuromodulator noradrenaline signals salience during wakefulness, flagging novel or important experiences to reconfigure information processing and memory representations in the hippoca.

Glutamate delta (GluD) receptors belong to the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, yet they don't bind glutamate and are considered orphan.

Exposure to stress during early life (infancy/childhood) has long-term effects on the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and increases the risk for adult depression and anxiety dis.

The OPRM1 A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1799971) gene variant encoding the N40D µ-opioid receptor (MOR) has been associated with dependence on opiates and other drugs of abuse but its me.

Spinal motor networks are formed by diverse populations of interneurons that set the strength and rhythmicity of behaviors such as locomotion.

Inhibitory interneurons in the adult spinal dorsal horn (DH) can be neurochemically classified into subpopulations that regulate distinct somatosensory modalities.

NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission.

Memory reconsolidation is a fundamental plasticity process in the brain that allows established memories to be changed or erased.

Stress increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as major depression.

In many brain areas, such as the neocortex, limbic structures, and auditory brainstem, synaptic zinc is released from presynaptic terminals to modulate neurotransmission.

In Parkinson's disease (PD) reduced levels of dopamine (DA) in the striatum lead to an abnormal circuit activity of the basal ganglia and an increased output through the substantia nigra pars reticula.

The organization of spatial information, including pattern completion and pattern separation processes, relies on the hippocampal circuits, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these t.

Calcium ions (Ca Nerve cells communicate using tiny electrical impulses called action potentials.

Graphene oxide (GO), an oxidised form of graphene, is widely used for biomedical applications, due to its dispersibility in water and simple surface chemistry tunability.

The acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the brain and behavior are linked to alterations in inhibitory synaptic transmission.

Inner hair cells (IHCs) are the primary receptors for hearing. They are housed in the cochlea and convey sound information to the brain via synapses with the auditory nerve.

G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels contribute to the resting membrane potential of many neurons and play an important role in controlling neuronal excitability.

Maladaptive responses to stress are a hallmark of alcohol use disorder, but the mechanisms that underlie this are not well characterized.

Previous studies have shown that injection of the mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0360172 into either the thalamus or somatosensory cortex markedly reduces the frequency of spike-.

Depression is a common mental disorder affecting more than 300 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of disability among all medical illnesses.

Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are indispensable for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance in neuronal circuits that control reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviors.

Axons of dopaminergic neurons innervate the striatum where they contribute to movement and reinforcement learning.

A neural pathway from prefrontal cortex (PFC) to dorsal striatum (DS) has been suggested to mediate cognitive control of behavior, including proactive inhibitory control and attention.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE)-induced clinical symptoms have been widely reported but effective treatments are not yet available due to our limited knowledge of the neuronal mechanisms underlying be.

Here we report the effects of ammonium on the main biophysical features of neurons and astrocytes during the first minutes of exposure.

Electron microscopy can resolve synapse ultrastructure with nanometer precision, but the capture of time-resolved, activity-dependent synaptic membrane-trafficking events has remained challenging, par.

Microglia are brain-resident immune cells and regulate mechanisms essential for cognitive functions.

The mechanisms by which prenatal immune activation increase the risk for neuropsychiatric disorders are unclear.

Convergent lines of evidence have recently highlighted β3-adrenoreceptors (ARs) as a potentially critical target in the regulation of nervous and behavioral functions, including memory consolidation, .

It is well recognized that ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) serves as a satiety center in the brain. However, the feeding circuit for the VMH regulation of food intake remains to be defined.

The dentate granule cells (DGCs) play a crucial role in learning and memory.

Status epilepticus (SE) of limbic onset might cause degenerative phenomena in different brain structures, and may be associated with chronic cognitive and EEG effects.

Deficient glutamate reuptake occurs in the cerebral cortex of Huntington's disease (HD) patients and murine models.

KCC2 regulates neuronal transmembrane chloride gradients and thereby controls GABA signaling in the brain. KCC2 downregulation is observed in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Painful peripheral neuropathy is a severe and difficult-to-treat neurological complication associated with cancer chemotherapy.

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and analgesic tolerance can lead to dose escalation and inadequate pain treatment with μ-opioid receptor agonists.

Located in the midbrain, the inferior colliculus (IC) is the hub of the central auditory system.

Innate preference toward environmental conditions is crucial for animal survival.

Adenosine A2a receptors (A2aRs) are highly and selectively expressed in D2-medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) that also express a high level of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs).

Opioid analgesics are powerful pain relievers; however, over time, pain control diminishes as analgesic tolerance develops.

Inflammatory pain is associated with peripheral and central sensitization, but the underlying synaptic plasticity at the spinal cord level is poorly understood.

Organotypic brain culture is an experimental tool widely used in neuroscience studies.

Phosphorylation of heptahelical receptors is thought to regulate G protein signaling, receptor endocytosis, and non-canonical signaling via recruitment of β-arrestins.

The brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is toxic to cultured brain neurons, and glutamate receptors partially mediate this effect; consequently, the depolarizing effect of TBBPA o.

Throughout life, individuals learn to predict a punishment via its association with sensory stimuli.

Aging affects numerous physiological processes, as well as behavior.

Chronic use of μ-opioid receptor agonists paradoxically causes both hyperalgesia and the loss of analgesic efficacy.

SNARE-mediated synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion is controlled by multiple regulatory proteins that determine neurotransmitter release efficiency.

Higher-order thalamic nuclei, such as the visual pulvinar, play essential roles in cortical function by connecting functionally related cortical and subcortical brain regions.

Classically, long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal CA1 synapses is triggered by the synaptic activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs).

Appropriate behavioural strategies to cope with unexpected salient stimuli require synergistic neuronal responses in diverse brain regions.

Amongst the many neurotransmitter systems causally linked to the expression of social behavior, glutamate appears to play a pivotal role.

Chemogenetics provides cell type-specific remote control of neuronal activity.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is one of the most frequently used analgesic agents worldwide.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are often comorbid. Drinking tends to increase following trauma, which may exacerbate PTSD-related symptoms.

iPSC-derived human neurons are expected to revolutionize studies on brain diseases, but their functional heterogeneity still poses a problem.

Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamus play a critical role in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.

Kainate type ionotropic glutamate receptors (KARs) are expressed in hippocampal interneurons and regulate interneuron excitability and GABAergic transmission.

Postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) is a major regulator in the maturation of excitatory synapses by interacting and trafficking N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors (NMDAR) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5.

Synaptic plasticity underlies central brain functions, such as learning.

Dendritic spines control synaptic transmission and plasticity by augmenting post-synaptic potentials and providing biochemical compartmentalization.

The number of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles released into the synaptic cleft with each action potential dictates the reliability of synaptic transmission.

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been clinically associated with a variety of poorbehavioral outcomes for the exposed individuals, including higher risks for drug abuse and development of attent.

The etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), the leading cause of worldwide disability, is unknown.

Glutaminase mediates the recycling of neurotransmitter glutamate, supporting most excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system.

Adolescence is a vulnerable period characterized by major cognitive changes. The mechanisms underlying the emergence of new cognitive functions are poorly understood.

Alcohol produces both stimulant and sedative effects in humans and rodents. In humans, alcohol abuse disorder is associated with a higher stimulant and lower sedative responses to alcohol.

Triheteromeric NMDA receptors contain two GluN1 and two distinct GluN2 subunits and mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS.

Human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and transgenic AD mouse models manifest hyperexcitability.

As the inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) transmission has a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) and defective forms of its synapses are associated with serious neurological.

Animals must learn relationships between foods and the environmental cues that predict their availability for survival.

The translation initiation repressor 4E-BP2 is deamidated in the brain on asparagines N99/N102 during early postnatal brain development.

The GluN2C subunit of the NMDA receptor is enriched in the neurons in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (nRT), but its role in regulating their function is not well understood.

Calcium is the most abundant element in the human body.

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit composition plays a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses.

N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a crucial role in normal brain function, pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.

Excitotoxic levels of released glutamate trigger a cascade of deleterious cellular events leading to delayed neuronal death.

Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are critical regulators of striatal network activity and output.

The lateral habenula encodes aversive stimuli contributing to negative emotional states during drug withdrawal.

Action potentials trigger neurotransmitter release at active zones, specialized release sites in axons. Many neurons also secrete neurotransmitters or neuromodulators from their somata and dendrites.

Identifying neurons that have functional opioid receptors is fundamental for the understanding of the cellular, synaptic and systems actions of opioids.

Chronic stress (CS) is a major risk factor for the development of depression.

Kilohertz-frequency electric field stimulation (kEFS) applied to the spinal cord can reduce chronic pain without causing the buzzing sensation (paresthesia) associated with activation of dorsal column.

In the striatum, long term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of glutamatergic transmission are believed to underlie motor learning and are impaired in animal models of Parkinson's dise.

The indirect pathway striatal medium spiny projection neurons (iMSNs) are critical to motor and cognitive brain functions.

Dopamine input to the dorsal and ventral striatum originates from separate populations of midbrain neurons.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology to the external light cycle, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are unclear.

Spinal projection neurons convey nociceptive signals to multiple brain regions including the parabrachial (PB) nucleus, which contributes to the emotional valence of pain perception.

Infantile spasms (IS) is a catastrophic childhood seizure disorder that is characterized by extensor and/or flexor spasms, cognitive deterioration and a characteristic EEG abnormality.

Nicotine exposure during gestation is associated with a higher risk of adverse behavioral outcomes including a heightened liability for dependency to drugs of abuse, which can exhibit drug-specificity.

The basal forebrain cholinergic system is widely assumed to control cortical functions via non-synaptic transmission of a single neurotransmitter.

Functional hyperemia, a regional increase of blood flow triggered by local neural activation, is used to map brain activity in health and disease.

Changes in gene expression are an important mechanism by which activity levels are regulated in the nervous system.

Two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P) constitute major candidates for the regulation of background potassium currents in mammalian cells.

DEP domain-containing 5 protein (DEPDC5) is a repressor of the recently recognized amino acid-sensing branch of the mTORC1 pathway. So far, its function in the brain remains largely unknown.

Epilepsy is characterized by unpredictable recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal neuronal excitability.

Optogenetic and pharmacogenetic techniques have been effective to analyze the role of neuronal activity in controlling oligodendroglia lineage cells in behaving juvenile and adult mice.

A major mechanism contributing to synaptic plasticity involves alterations in the number of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) expressed at synapses.

Rebound depolarization (RD) occurs after membrane hyperpolarization and converts an arriving inhibitory signal into cell excitation.

Neurons in the medullary reticular formation are involved in the control of postural and locomotor behaviors in all vertebrates.

Both the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system are critically involved in hypertension development.

Although ethanol is one of the most widely used drugs, we still lack a full understanding of which neuronal subtypes are affected by this drug.

The G-protein coupled, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a membrane protein expressed in astrocytes.

N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) play crucial role in normal brain function and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.

Information processing in neural networks depends on the connectivity among excitatory and inhibitory neurons.

Neural activity is crucial for the refinement of neuronal connections during development, but the contribution of synaptic release mechanisms is not known.

Although propofol is a widely used intravenous general anaesthetic, many studies report its toxic potential, particularly on the developing central nervous system.

Dendritic release of dopamine activates dopamine D2 autoreceptors, which are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), to decrease the excitability of dopamine neurons.

Addiction is a maladaptive pattern of behavior following repeated use of reinforcing drugs in predisposed individuals, leading to lifelong changes.

In brainstem motor networks, hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs) play the physiological role of driving tongue contraction, an activity critical for inspiration, phonation, chewing and swallowing.

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) receives dense noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus.

Recent increasing evidence supports a role for neuronal type signaling in bone.

Glutamate receptors form complexes in the brain with auxiliary proteins, which control their activity during fast synaptic transmission through a seemingly bewildering array of effects.

Two forms of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal CA1 synapses can be distinguished based on their sensitivity to inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA).

Presynaptic cannabinoid (CB1R) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) regulate synaptic strength by inhibiting secretion.

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase is an important protein kinase for cortical plasticity.

Synaptogenic adhesion molecules play critical roles in synapse formation.

Excitatory and inhibitory transmission onto lateral habenula (LHb) neurons is instrumental for the expression of positive and negative motivational states.

NMDA receptors mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and regulate synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system, but their dysregulation is also implicated in numerous brain disorders.

The current dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates striatal hyperdopaminergia and cortical hypodopaminergia.

G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in 5-HT neurons are assumed to be principal effectors of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) autoreceptors, but their pharmacology, subuni.

The A1-adenosine receptor (A1-AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that mediates many of the physiological effects of adenosine in the brain, heart, kidney, and adipocytes.

When a cell sustains damage, it liberates cytosolic ATP, which can serve as an injury signal, affecting neighboring cells.

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is essential for assigning positive or negative valence to sensory stimuli. Noxious stimuli that cause pain are encoded by an ensemble of

The vascularization of engineered tissues and organoids has remained a major unresolved challenge in regenerative medicine.

The hippocampus is a critical component of a mammalian spatial navigation system, with the firing sequences of hippocampal place cells during sleep or immobility constituting a "replay" of an animal's.

Dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease is achieved using L-DOPA or dopamine D2/3 agonists, such as ropinirole.

PACS1 syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) caused by a recurrent de novo missense mutation in PACS1 (p.Arg203Trp (PACS1

Recent advances in genetic diagnosis identified variants in genes encoding GABA

Mismatch between CO

Fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) using transgenic approaches, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

The K

Biallelic loss-of-function NSUN2 mutations have recently been associated with cases of Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC), and NSun2-deficiency was also previously shown to cause a severe autosomal reces.

Histamine has been implicated in urinary bladder dysfunction as an inflammatory mediator driving sensory nerve hypersensitivity.

Postoperative pain is a common clinical problem that, in preclinical studies, has almost exclusively been studied in males.

Dopamine D

Clearance of fused synaptic vesicle components and availability of release sites are important determinants of recovery from short-term synaptic depression.

Loss-of-function (LOF) variants in the K

Mutations of GABA

This work contributes to fill one of the gaps regarding nanoplastic interactions with biological systems by producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) model nanoplastics, similar to those found in the.

Although bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity are the hallmark motor defects in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), patients also experience motor learning impairments and non-motor symptoms such as .

Attenuating the rheological and structural consequences of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI) is important in transplant proceedings. Preconditioning is an often-proposed remedy.

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) plays a significant role in spatial learning and memory and is functionally disrupted in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Müller glia, a pillar of metabolic, volume regulatory and immune/inflammatory signaling in the mammalian retina, are among the earliest responders to mechanical stressors in the eye.

Traditional pathology workflow suffers from limitations including biopsy invasiveness, small fraction of large tissue samples being analyzed, and complex and time-consuming processing.

Transcriptionally mature and immature β-cells co-exist within the adult islet. How such diversity contributes to insulin release remains poorly understood.

The failure of immune surveillance to remove senescent cells drive age-related diseases.

Spiking immature oligodendrocytes (OLs), referred to as spiking OLs, express voltage-activated Na

Optosensorics is the direction of research possessing the possibility of non-invasive monitoring of the concentration of intracellular ions or activity of intracellular components using specific biose.

Oestrogen depletion in rodents and humans leads to inactivity, fat accumulation and diabetes

The dopamine D

Defining epithelial cell contributions to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is essential for the development of much needed therapies for barrier repair.

In a changing environment, organisms need to decide when to select items that resemble previously rewarded stimuli and when it is best to switch to other stimulus types.

P2X7 is an important ligand-gated ion channel expressed in multiple immune cell populations.

The ZnO-based visible-LED photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of two typical cyanotoxins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), and anatoxin-A were examined.

The Akt family of kinases exerts many of its cellular effects via the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase through a series of intermediary proteins.

Animals learn not only what is potentially useful but also what is meaningless and should be disregarded. How this is accomplished is a key but seldom explored question in psychology and neuroscience.

The dopamine D

The neural mechanisms of fear-associated thermoregulation remain unclear.

Recently, we presented a strategy for analysis of eight biomarkers in human urine to verify toxic mushroom or Ricinus communis ingestions.

Recent studies revealed that the activation of serotonergic 5-HT

The basal amygdala (BA) has been implicated in encoding fear and its extinction. The level of serotonin (5-HT) in the BA increases due to arousal and stress related to aversive stimuli.

Signals from the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), must be decoded to generate daily rhythms in hormone release.

The thalamic midline nucleus reuniens modulates hippocampal CA1 and subiculum function

Evidence for prefrontal cortical (PFC) GABAergic dysfunction is one of the most consistent findings in schizophrenia and may contribute to cognitive deficits. Recent studies suggest that the mGlu

nan

Agonists at the

Voltage-gated sodium channels play a critical role in cellular excitability, amplifying small membrane depolarizations into action potentials.

Deficits in reward processing are a central feature of major depressive disorder with patients exhibiting decreased reward learning and altered feedback sensitivity in probabilistic reversal learning .

Stimulation of the metabotropic GABA

The analytical proof of a toxic mushroom and/or plant ingestion at an early stage of a suspected intoxication can be crucial for fast therapeutic decision making.

Norepinephrine is one of the key neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, but its role in the functioning of the neuroglial networks remains unclear. Here we show that norepinephrine suppresses NH

Hyper-reactivity to sensory input is a common and debilitating symptom in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but the neural basis underlying sensory abnormality is not completely unders.

Gain-of-function (GOF) variants in K

We tested the proposal that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the AMPAR subunit GluA1 is required for LTP.

Dopamine is well known to regulate movement through the differential control of direct and indirect pathways in the striatum that express D

Based on studies using mutations of the

The epilepsy-linked gene

Recent preclinical studies have shown that activation of the serotonin 5-HT

A rare mutation affecting the Forkhead-box protein P2 (FOXP2) transcription factor causes a severe monogenic speech and language disorder.

The adenosine A

Correlated spontaneous activity in the developing retina (termed "retinal waves") plays an instructive role in refining neural circuits of the visual system.

We investigated the selectivity of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides from

Mutations in RAS signaling pathway components cause diverse neurodevelopmental disorders, collectively called RASopathies.

nan

Paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS) is currently used in different analytical fields, but less effort has been made so far to use PSMS for highly polar compounds.

Early life adversity (ELA) is a risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD), however the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.

Food palatability is one of many factors that drives food consumption, and the hedonic drive to feed is a key contributor to obesity and binge eating.

Hyperaldosteronism alters cardiac function, inducing adverse left ventricle (LV) remodeling either

Phosphorylation of sites on the C terminus of the

nan

The unconventional

The

Adenosine is a local mediator that regulates a number of physiological and pathological processes via activation of adenosine A A Nano-luciferase (Nluc) BRET (NanoBRET) methodology was used.

nan

Escaping from imminent danger is an instinctive behaviour that is fundamental for survival, and requires the classification of sensory stimuli as harmless or threatening.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in many psychiatric diseases. In humans, a lack of 5-HT

Clinical and basic science research have revealed persistent effects of early-life injury on nociceptive processing and resulting pain sensitivity.

Haplotypes of the Gabra2 gene encoding the α2-subunit of the GABA

We have previously demonstrated that activation of serotonin 5-HT

Munc13 catalyzes the transit of syntaxin from a closed complex with Munc18 into the ternary SNARE complex.

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), members of the degenerin/epithelial Na

In an attempt to evaluate the presence or incidence of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 72 randomly selected patients with SLE, regardless of sicca manifestation.

Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) has been developed as a ligand to selectively activate designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs).

The cognitive deficits of schizophrenia are linked to imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), disrupting gamma oscillations.

Renin-angiotensin system and its ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor axis regulates skeletal response to multiple physiological and pathological conditions.

Adenosine is a local mediator that regulates changes in the cardiovascular system via activation of four G protein-coupled receptors (A

Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), a G protein-coupled receptor, plays a fundamental role in synaptic plasticity.

The Drosophila anterior-posterior axis is specified at mid-oogenesis when the Par-1 kinase is recruited to the posterior cortex of the oocyte, where it polarizes the microtubule cytoskeleton to define.

The heat and redox-sensitive ion channel TRPM2 was reported to be a causative mechanism for depression in a mouse model and to be upregulated in the hippocampus in patients suffering from depressive d.

Extensive evidence supports the hypothesis that deficits in inhibitory GABA transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may drive pathophysiological changes underlying symptoms of schizophrenia that a.

Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) exhibit maladaptive responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to stress, which has been linked to high rates of relapse to drinking among a.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely therapeutically targeted, and recent advances in allosteric modulator development at these receptors offer further potential for exploitation.

Acute skeletal muscle injury is followed by satellite cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation to replace damaged fibers with newly regenerated muscle fibers, processes that involve satelli.

Emerging evidence suggests that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are associated with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Adenosine modulates neurotransmission through inhibitory adenosine A

Research in fields studying cellular response to surface tension and mechanical forces necessitate cell culture tools with tunability of substrate stiffness.

Neutrophils communicate with each other to form swarms in infected organs. Coordination of this population response is critical for the elimination of bacteria and fungi.

Astrocytes are fundamental building blocks of the central nervous system.

Most label-free detection technologies detect the masses of molecules, and their sensitivities thus decrease with molecular weight, making it challenging to detect small molecules.

Research into mechanisms underlying lung injury and subsequent repair responses is currently of paramount importance.

Improving exercise capacity during adolescence impacts positively on cognitive and motor functions.

All four of the adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes mediate pain and have been targeted by pharmacologists to generate new therapeutics for chronic pain.

Binge drinking during adolescence induces memory impairments, and evidences suggest that females are more vulnerable than males.

β-Arrestin2 recruitment to μ-receptors may contribute to the development of opioid side effects.

Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system relies on the AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR).

Redox-sensitivity is a common property of several transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in different forms of plasticity in the central nervous system.

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an essential role in regulating glutamatergic neurotransmission.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an important molecular mechanism for chronic pain in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key cortical region for pain perception and emotional regulation.

The corticostriatal circuit has been identified as a vital pathway for associative learning. However, how learning is implemented when the sensory striatum is permanently impaired remains unclear.

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) and their subunit composition determines synaptic efficacy.

Many of the behavioral symptoms that define alcohol use disorder (AUD) are thought to be mediated by amplified glutamatergic activity.

Decrease of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the spinal dorsal horn after nerve injury induces enhanced excitatory transmission and causes persistent pain.

Neuromodulation mediated by synaptically released endogenous transmitters acting in G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is slow primarily because of multistep downstream signaling.

Contextual fear conditioning, where the prevailing situational cues become associated with an aversive unconditional stimulus such as electric shock, is sexually dimorphic.

The β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) is a well-established target in asthma and a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor for biophysical studies.

Receptor heteromerization is the formation of a complex involving at least two different receptors with pharmacology that is distinct from that exhibited by its constituent receptor units.

Ethanol (EtOH) induces cognitive impairment through modulation of synaptic plasticity notably in the hippocampus.

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are new psychoactive substances associated with acute intoxication and even death.

Receptor internalization in response to prolonged agonist treatment is an important regulator of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function. The adenosine A

The taste of sugar is one of the most basic sensory percepts for humans and other animals.

Aldosterone is produced by adrenocortical zona glomerulosa (AZG) cells in response to angiotensin II (AngII) acting through its type I receptors (AT

Non-selective antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 2 (mGlu

Biased agonism at G protein-coupled receptors describes the phenomenon whereby some drugs can activate some downstream signaling activities to the relative exclusion of others.

Macrophages are key effector cells in obesity-associated inflammation. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is highly expressed in different immune cell types. Using LysM-GRK2

Reflecting their importance in immunity, the activity of chemokines is regulated on several levels, including tissue and context-specific expression and availability of their cognate receptor on targe.

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is associated with neurobehavioral deficits that are resistant to current treatments.

The opsin family of G-protein-coupled receptors are used as light detectors in animals. Opsin 5 (also known as neuropsin or OPN5) is a highly conserved opsin that is sensitive to visible violet light

The δ-opioid receptor (DOP) is an attractive pharmacological target due to its potent analgesic, anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity in chronic pain models.

Reward-related impairments are common in major depressive disorder (MDD) and may contribute to the loss of interest in pleasurable activities.

Fluorescent antagonists offer the ability to interrogate G protein-coupled receptor pharmacology.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile membrane proteins involved in the regulation of many physiological processes and pathological conditions, making them interesting pharmacological targ.

Recent studies demonstrate that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays critical roles in migraine.

A fluorinated derivative (2F-MT-45) of the synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist MT-45 (1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine) was recently identified in a seized illicit tablet.

Allosteric antagonism by bitopic ligands, as reported for many receptors, is a distinct modulatory mechanism. Although several bitopic A

Myotonia is caused by involuntary firing of skeletal muscle action potentials and causes debilitating stiffness. Current treatments are insufficiently efficacious and associated with side effects.

NETO2 is an auxiliary subunit for kainate-type glutamate receptors that mediate normal cued fear expression and extinction. Since the amygdala is critical for these functions, we asked whether

Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), whose activation requires a proteolytic cleavage in the extracellular domain exposing a tethered ligand, which binds to the.

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7) is a cell surface ligand-gated ion channel, activated by its physiological nucleotide agonist ATP and a synthetic analog (BzATP).

To study the localisation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) in their native cellular environment requires their visualisation through fluorescent labelling.

Previous work suggests adolescent rats have deficient extinction consolidation relative to adults.

Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder that is a major burden on society, with only ~33% of depressed patients attaining remission upon initial monotherapy with a selective serotonin reuptake in.

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have multiple prominent roles in CNS function but their excessive or insufficient activity contributes to neuropathological/psychiatric disorders.

P2X7 receptors are important in the regulation of inflammatory responses and immune responses to intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii.

Muscarinic Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) gated by clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) allow selective G-protein cascade activation in genetically specified cell-types in vivo.

Recent studies indicate that presynaptic long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex may contribute to chronic pain-related anxiety.

Agonists of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide (NOP) receptor, a member of the opioid receptor family, are under active investigation as novel analgesics, but their modes of signaling are less .

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) derived from muscarinic receptors not only are a powerful tool to test causality in basic neuroscience but also are potentially ame.

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are tetrameric ligand-gated channels made up of combinations of GluA1-4 subunits encoded by GRIA1-4 genes.

Differential regulation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOP) has been linked to the development of opioid tolerance and dependence which both limit the clinical use of opioid analgesics.

This study investigated whether metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 5 and 8 are involved in the effect of ultramicronizedpalmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) on the cognitive behavior and long term pote.

Mu-opioid receptors (MORs) are the primary site of action of opioid drugs, both licit and illicit. Susceptibility to opioid addiction is associated with variants in the gene encoding the MOR,

We synthesized a previously identified β-tubulin-derived G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GKR2) peptide (GR-11-1; DEMEFTEAESNMN) and its amino-terminal extension (GR-11-1-N; GEGMDEMEFTEAESNMN) and.

Human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to various ligands and stimuli. However, GPCRs rely on membrane for proper folding, making their biochemical properties difficult to study.

The neuromodulator dopamine plays an important role in light adaptation for the visual system.

Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a versatile tool used to investigate membrane receptor signalling and function.

There is a growing interest in understanding the binding kinetics of compounds that bind to G protein-coupled receptors prior to progressing a lead compound into clinical trials.

Retinal dopamine is released by a specialized subset of amacrine cells in response to light and has a potent influence on how the retina responds to, and encodes, visual information.

Physiological responses to the opioid neuropeptide enkephalin often involve both mu and delta opioid receptors.

Ketamine is a general anesthetic thought to act by antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins are key regulators of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) signaling and trafficking.

Membrane proteins play vital roles in cellular signaling processes and serve as the most popular drug targets.

Binding of agonists to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activates heterotrimeric G proteins and downstream signaling.

NMDA-type glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that contribute to excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS).

Wild-type AMPA receptors display a characteristic rapidly desensitizing phenotype.

Presynaptic NMDA receptors (preNMDARs) control synaptic release, but it is not well understood how.

Activated Gq protein-coupled receptors (GqPCRs) can be desensitized by phosphorylation and β-arrestin binding.

Synaptic transmission is mediated by ionotropic and metabotropic receptors that together regulate the rate and pattern of action potential firing.

The A3-adenosine receptor (A3AR) has recently emerged as a key regulator of neutrophil behaviour.

Advances in fluorescence-based imaging technologies have helped propel the study of real-time biological readouts and analysis across many different areas.

There is broad evidence that association of transmembrane receptors and signalling molecules with lipid rafts/caveolae provides an enriched environment for protein-protein interactions necessary for s.

Interest is increasing in developing fluorescent ligands for characterization of adenosine receptors (ARs), which hold a promise of usefulness in the drug discovery process.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane proteins.

The protein family known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprises an important class of membrane-associated proteins, which remains a difficult family of proteins to characterize because their.

Fluorescent ligands facilitate the study of ligand-receptor interactions at the level of single cells and individual receptors.

Adenosine receptors are a member of the large family of seven transmembrane spanning G protein coupled receptors.

The growing practice of exploiting noninvasive fluorescence-based techniques to study G protein-coupled receptor pharmacology at the single cell and single molecule level demands the availability of h.

The introduction of fluorescence-based techniques, and in particular the development of fluorescent ligands, has allowed the study of G protein-coupled receptor pharmacology at the single cell and sin.

Allosteric binding sites on the adenosine receptor family represent potential therapeutic targets for a number of conditions involving metabolic stress.

The adenosine A(1) receptor is a promising therapeutic target for neurological disorders such as cognition deficits and is involved in cardiovascular preconditioning.

Early reports on the identification of fluorescent probes for receptors date back to mid-1970s.

G protein-coupled receptors are known to be organized within different membrane compartments or microdomains of individual cells.

Recent years have revealed a high degree of structural organisation in the way in which cell-surface receptors and their associated signalling complexes interact at a molecular level.

Fluorescently tagged drug molecules can be successfully employed to visualize the location of their receptor target at the single-cell level.

Epithelial folding depends on mechanical properties of both epithelial cells and underlying basement membrane (BM).

Tissues take shape through a series of morphogenetic movements guided by local cell-scale mechanical forces.

The evaluation of substances for their potency to induce embryotoxicity is controlled by safety regulations.

The generation of tissue and organs requires close interaction with vasculature from the earliest moments of embryonic development.

Despite a long appreciation for the role of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in destroying faulty, disease-causing mRNAs and maintaining normal, physiologic mRNA abundance, additional effectors that.

Tissues achieve their complex spatial organization through an interplay between gene regulatory networks, cell-cell communication, and physical interactions mediated by mechanical forces.

Human testicular cells are greatly valuable to the research community as tools for studying testicular physiology and the effects of environmental pollutants.